Unit 4: Translation And Protein Structure

Question 1

Alpha Carbon

Answer 1

Central carbon atom connected by covalent bonds to four different chemical groups

Question 2

Amino Group

Answer 2

NH2

Question 3

Carboxyl Group

Answer 3

COOH

Question 4

Side Chain/R Group

Answer 4

Differs from one amino acid to the next

Question 5

Peptide Bond

Answer 5

The bond formed between two amino acids in which the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of the next amino acid, releasing a water molecule

Question 6

Amino End

Answer 6

The end of the peptide with an amino group

Question 7

Carboxyl End

Answer 7

The end of the peptide with a carboxyl group

Question 8

Polypeptide

Answer 8

A polymer of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

Question 9

Protein

Answer 9

Synonymous with polypeptide

Question 10

Residues

Answer 10

Amino acids incorporated into a protein

Question 11

Primary Structure

Answer 11

The sequence of amino acids in a protein

Question 12

Secondary Structures

Answer 12

Interactions between stretches of amino acids

Question 13

Tertiary Structure

Answer 13

Long-range interactions between the secondary structure that support the overall three-dimensional shape of the protein

Question 14

Quaternary Structure

Answer 14

Individual polypeptides that interact with each other

Question 15

Alpha Helix

Answer 15

The polypeptide backbone is twisted tightly in a right-handed coil with 3.6 amino acids per complete turn

Question 16

Beta Sheet

Answer 16

The polypeptide folds back and forth on itself forming a pleated sheet that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl groups in one chain and amide groups in the other chain

Question 17

Denatured

Answer 17

Proteins that lose their functional activity

Question 18

Chaperones

Answer 18

Proteins that help protect slow-folding or denatured proteins until they can attain their proper 3D structure

Question 19

Transcription

Answer 19

Sequences of bases along part of a DNA strand is used as a template in the synthesis of a complementary sequence of bases in molecule of RNA

Question 20

Translation

Answer 20

The sequence of bases in an RNA molecule is used to specify the order in which successive amino acids are added to a newly synthesized polypeptide chain

Question 21

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 21

The sequence of bases in an RNA molecule

Question 22

Ribosomes

Answer 22

Complex structures of RNA and protein

Question 23

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 23

Translates each codon in the mRNA into one amino acid in the polypeptide

Question 24

A (aminoacyl) Site

Answer 24

A binding site on the ribosome

Question 25

P (peptidyl) Site

Answer 25

A binding site on the ribosome

Question 26

E (exit) Site

Answer 26

A binding site on the ribosome

Question 27

Codon

Answer 27

Codes for a single amino acid in the polypeptide chain

Question 28

Reading Frames

Answer 28

The site at which the ribosome can begin translating

Question 29

Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases

Answer 29

Enzymes that connect specific amino acids to specific tRNA molecules

Question 30

Genetic Code

Answer 30

Codons that specify an amino acid

Question 31

Initiation

Answer 31

The initiator AUG codon is recognized and Met is established as the first amino acid in the polypeptide chain

Question 32

Elongation

Answer 32

Successive amino acids are added one by one to the growing chain

Question 33

Termination

Answer 33

The addition of amino acids stops and the completed polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome

Question 34

Initiation Factors

Answer 34

Proteins that bind to the mRNA that initiate translation

Question 35

Elongation Factors

Answer 35

Proteins that break the high-energy bonds of GTP for helping ribosomes movement along mRNA and the formation of peptide bonds

Question 36

Release Factor

Answer 36

Protein that binds to the A site of the ribosome causing the polypeptide to break off the tRNA and completes the chain

Question 37

Polycistronic mRNA

Answer 37

mRNA that has open reading frames for more than one protein

Question 38

Operon

Answer 38

A type of gene organization in which a group of functionally related genes are located in tandem along the DNA and transcribed as a single unit from one promoter

Question 39

Protein Families

Answer 39

Proteins that are structurally and functionally related

Question 40

Folding Domain

Answer 40

A region of protein that folds in a similar way independent of the rest of the protein

Question 41

Mutation

Answer 41

A change in the sequence of a gene

Question 42

Selection

Answer 42

Random mutations that are retained or eliminated based on their ability to survive and reproduce