Unit 5

Question 1

what are living standards

Answer 1

all factors that contribute to a persons well being and happiness

Question 2

how is it measured

Answer 2

through GDP/Capita(average income per person)

Question 3

Advantages of using GDP/capita to measure living standards

Answer 3

useful measure of the total production taking place in the country
takes population into consideration
good indicator of jobs being created

Question 4

Limitations of using GDP per capita to measure living standards

Answer 4

takes no account of what people can buy using their incomes
doesnt consider changes in technology that can have a large impact on living standards
distribution of income is unequal so isnt accurate
excludes the unpaid work people do
doesnt differentiate between positive and negative values places on goods
doesnt determine peoples happiness and well being

Question 5

what is the Human Development Index

Answer 5

used by the UN to compare living standards across the globe
combines other indexes:
income index
education index
healthcare index

Question 6

benefits of using HDI to measure living standard

Answer 6

takes into account major indicators of living standard
recognizes its not just output or income that determines living standards
can compare global living standards
useful and reliable since widely recognized

Question 7

limitations of HDI to compare living standards

Answer 7

wide differences in HDI within countreis
doesnt talk about income inequalites and wealth
information for all countries may not be available
doesnt consider many other factors

Question 8

reasons for differences in living standards and income distribution within and between countries

Answer 8

regional variances in income and consumption
major type of sectors/job: manufacturing carries more income than agricultural regions
local government provisions of education and wealth

Question 9

reasons for differences in living standards between countries

Answer 9

productivity of industries
major industries
population(denser = lower per capita income)
ability of citizens to pay taxes
provision of health and educational facilities
variety of goods/services produced
wars,crime and natural disasters

Question 10

what is absolute poverty

Answer 10

the inability to afford basic necessities needed to live

Question 11

how is absolute poverty measured

Answer 11

by the number of people living below a certain income threshold

Question 12

what is relative poverty

Answer 12

the condition of having fewer resources than others in the same society
is a measure of income inequality

Question 13

what are the causes of poverty

Answer 13

unemployment
low education levels
the size of a family
age
poor government support
poor health
overpopulation
minority groups
gender

Question 14

how to alleviate poverty

Answer 14

introducing measures to reduce unemployment
imposing progressive taxes
introduce welfare services
introducing minimum wage legislation to raise wages
increase the quantity and quality of education
attract and invite inward investments from firms abroad to provide jobs and incomes for people

Question 15

what is economic development

Answer 15

refers to the increase in the economic welfare of people through growth in positive scale and wealth of an economy

Question 16

what are developed countries

Answer 16

characterised by high GDP/capita, high life expectancy,high literacy rate,excellent infrastructure and high productivity

Question 17

under developed economies

Answer 17

characterised by low GDP/capita, high population growth, poor infrastructure, healthcare and education

Question 18

developing economies

Answer 18

countries that are becoming more developed through expansion of the industrial sector
can have low standard of living

Question 19

reasons for low economic development

Answer 19

overdependence on agriculture
domination of international trade by developed economies
low levels of saving
lack of capital
poor investment in infrastructure
high population growth
wars and conflicts deplete resources
corrupt or unstable governments

Question 20

what is population

Answer 20

the total number of people inhabiting a specific area

Question 21

what factors affect population

Answer 21

birth rates
death rates
net migration

Question 22

what are birth rates affected by

Answer 22

affected by living standards,use of contraception, custom,religion,female employment and marriage

Question 23

what are death rates affected by

Answer 23

living standards
healthcare
natural disasters
war

Question 24

what is net migration

Answer 24

the number of people entering and leaving the countries

Question 25

impact of net inward migration

Answer 25

will increase the working population but increase demand for housing, education

Question 26

impact of net outward migration

Answer 26

may increase the income per capita and HDI but skilled workers are lost

Question 27

what is net migration affected by

Answer 27

living standards employment/wages climate

Question 28

what is age distribution

Answer 28

the number of people in each age group

Question 29

consequences of an ageing population

Answer 29

workforce will decline and tax paying population has to fund welfare of old people increase in demand for services like healthcare government spends more on housing, healthcare economy will be slow to adapt to new technology

Question 30

what is gender distribution

Answer 30

the balance of male and females

Question 31

what is gender imbalance and how is it caused

Answer 31

an excess of males or females and caused by: wars killing young males violence towards females sex specific immigration

Question 32

what are consequences of change in gender distribution

Answer 32

having more females encourages birth rates to rsie and increase population growth more females in employment can increase productivity more females in education and employment increase living standards

Question 33

what can a balanced gender distribution achieve

Answer 33

aids better social equality

Question 34

what do population pyramids show

Answer 34

the age and gender distribution

Question 35

what is geographic distribution

Answer 35

where people live(rural or urban ares)

Question 36

what is occupational distribution

Answer 36

what jobs people works in( what sectors)

Question 37

what is an optimal population

Answer 37

where the output of goods and service per head is maximised

Question 38

what is the effect of increasing population size

Answer 38

increases size of home market higher demand and income will lead to economic growth increased supply of labour puts pressure on scarce resources possible fall in rate of productivity shift from primary sector to services congestion of urban centres