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Ap psychology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory 5.1

A

Learning that persists over time. The learning is information or experiences that are encoded, stored and retrieved

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2
Q

What is the multistore model of memory and what is it also known as 5.1

A

The idea that information moves through multiple stores.
It is also know at the three stage model or 3-box model of memory.

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3
Q

What are the three stages of memory 5.1

A

Sensory
short-term (STM)
longterm (LTM)

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4
Q

How does the three stage model work (Describe each term of memory and how long they last) 5.1

A

Stimuli it turned into a sensory memory. Sensory memory is very brief.

Attention to that sensory memory turns it into a short-term memory. Can remember at max 7 items for less than 30 seconds

Encoding that short-term memory turns it into long term. Can remember unlimited items and lasts above 30 seconds.

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5
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal 5.1

A

Holding to short term memory by repeating out loud or in your head

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6
Q

What is shallow and deep processing. Give an example of both 5.2

A

Shallow processing has little elaboration with focus on superficial or perceptual elements. Ex. remembering a word by a type of font

Deep processing focuses more on the meaning with deeper elaboration. Ex. encoding a word in memory by its definition and connecting it to previous learning

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7
Q

What are the types of encoding and examples 5.2

A

Visual - encoding by visual elements. Ex. rememering an item by its shape or color

Acoustic - encoding by sound. Ex. remembering a word by how it rhymes with something

semantic - encoding by learning. Ex remembering something by a group it belongs too.

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8
Q

What are the spacing effects (ways of practice) with example 5.2

A

Massed practice - trying to encode at a short period at time. Ex. cramming

Distributed practice - encoding over multiple time periods. Ex. daily review sessions

spacing effect - when distributed practice leads to long term retention better then massed practice

Testing effects - retrieving info for tests or quizs. Ex. restudying or rereading

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9
Q

what are all the order (order of things remembered) effects 5.2

A

Serial position effect - middle items or information are the least remembered

Recency effect - the last item or information on a list are remembered the best right after presentation

primacy effect - the first items or information are remembered the longest

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10
Q

List organizing effects (how to organize information) and examples 5.2

A

Chunking - merging information or items into units to be remembered. Ex. acronyms

Mnemonics - memory devices used with association. Ex. a peg word (A word to help remember information)

Hierarchies - creating categories with subdivisions to better sort and remember things.

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11
Q

what are the two types of processing (ways of processing multiple informations) 5.3

A

serial processing - Processing one thing at a time, one after the other.

Parallel processing - multiples tracks on brain processing things at the same time.]

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12
Q

What are the two types of parallel processing 5.3

A

Effortful processing - contains explicit declarative memories like experiences and facts.

Automatic processing - contains implicit non-declarative memories encoded unconciously

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13
Q

What is retrieval 5.4

A

Getting information out of long term memory

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14
Q

What are the two types of recongnition ( previous learning) 5.4

A

Recognition - identifying previous learning; stable over life

Recall- retrieving or pulling out previous learning; declines with age

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15
Q

What is relearning 5.4

A

Improving retrieval with repeated learning

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16
Q

What is overlearning 5.4

A

Practice after learning skill to make it more resilient to forgetting

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17
Q

What are retrieval cues 5.4

A

they serve as connections points to access a memory like a smell, sound, or a visual element.

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18
Q

What is context dependent memory and an example 5.3

A

Revisiting a location of an experience can server as a cue. Ex. forgetting what you were suppose to buy. When you look at your wrist to check the time there’s no watch and you remember you need to buy a watch

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19
Q

what is priming and a example 5.4

A

The activation of memory association, sometimes unconsciously. Ex. driving past a vape shop may lead you to perceive mechanical pencils as a vape pen.

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20
Q

What is state dependent memory 5.4

A

What we experience in one state could be remembered better the next time we are in that state. Ex. getting a headache and remembering things better from the last time you got a headache.

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21
Q

what is storage decay 5.5

A

It is the slope of forgetting. Initially memory is most forgettable at the beginning of the time period, as time goes on it levels out.

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22
Q

Retrieval failure 5.5

A

When information is stored but cannot be accessed

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23
Q

what is interference 5.5

A

When some information blocks recall of other info

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24
Q

What is proactive and retroactive interference and a example 5.5

A

When prior information disrupts learning of new information. Ex. previously learned mandarin interfering with you learning korean.

When new learning disrupts recalling old information. Ex. When korean disrupts you speaking mandarin in front of your parents.

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25
Q

Whata re the types of amnesia and possible causes 5.5

A

Retrograde amnesia - the inability to remember past information of experiences. Can be caused from a hit to the head.

Anterograde amnesia - the inability to form new memories. Can be caused from damage to the hippocampus

source amnesia - attributing an experience to the wrong source. no mentioned cause.

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26
Q

what happens to the brain when learnin happens 5.6

A

It changes at a celluar level

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27
Q

what is long-term potential 5.6

A

Increased efficency in the synapse when repeatly stimulated. increases connections between neurons

28
Q

What are explicit memories 5.6

A

memory for experiences and facts. Associated with the hippocampus and frontal lobe.

29
Q

What is implicit memory 5.6

A

memory for procedures, conditioning, and timing. associated with the cerebellum and the basal ganglia.

30
Q

what is a flashbulb memory 5.6

A

Usually a very personal experience which is more resident to decay. Ex. your first goal in soccer.

31
Q

what is a concept 5.7

A

A cluster of cognitive raw material

32
Q

What is a prototype and a example 5.7

A

A great abstract example. Ex. when you think of a dog and picture a pommerian.You don’t think of fictional dog or the worlds smallest dog no think of abstract example.

33
Q

What is an exemplar and a example 5.7

A

A great example from experience. Ex. a pommerian you’ve met from experience.

34
Q

What is a artificial concept and an example

A

A perfect example. Ex. a circle is a circle.

35
Q

What is informal reasoning compared to formal 5.7

A

Informal reasonign is fast thinking full of shortcuts to think of as many possibilities as possible.

Formal reasoning is slow thinking and takes time and concentration. However it allows for us to be more sure of a answer.

36
Q

What are heuristics 5.8

A

Thinking shortcuts that can lead us into the wrong answer. It is the process that leads to cognitive bias.

37
Q

What is cognitive bias 5.8

A

The result of an imperfect thinking strategy which can lead to even more wrong answers.

38
Q

What are concrete definitions 5.8

A

Concrete is examples and explanations, not definitions.

39
Q

What is intelligence .59

A

Intelligence cannot be defined as it is too broad. The best way to describe it is through examples of what is and is not intelligence.

40
Q

What is operational definition 5.9

A

To define something so we can measure it.

41
Q

what is the abstract and operationalized view of intelligence

A

Intellgigence is the ability to think creatively and apply that knowledge to new situations.

Intelligence as something that can be measured. Ex. test scores and grades

42
Q

What are psychometrics 5.9

A

It is to measure the mind

43
Q

What is speed of processing 5.9

A

It is how fast we measure something. It is not easily measured but has a positive correlation with intelligence.

44
Q

What is fluid and crystallized intelligence 5.9

A

Its our brains ability to think quick, and absorb and organize information very quickly

Using shortcuts or tricks to help people process information from their age as they have experienced much more then young people

45
Q

What is the flynn Effect

A

When over time of decades the average IQ of a given society rises

46
Q

What is the savant syndrome and an example 5.9

A

A genius like ability in a very narrow area. Ex. being able to multiply and divide number very quickly in our heads.

47
Q

what is sterotype threat 5.9

A

When members of a group preform worse in certain areas compared to other groups. It is also confounding variable

48
Q

what is the process of single blind 5.9

A

Process of single blind in intelligence testing: Get a representative sample and give them an intelligence test but don’t tell them it is one and distract them with other factors not related tot he questions. Once they have taken the test, racial differences will dissapear.

49
Q

How was the first one to think intelligence can be quantified or psychometrics?

A

Francis Galton. Nothing to do witht he question but he was also cousins with Charles Darwin

50
Q

Who was one who came up with the first test to classify intelligence

A

Alfred Binet

51
Q

What is mental age and has does in collerlate to chronological age 5.9

A

at what age a child is operating and what their actual age is.

52
Q

What is Lewis Terman do 5.9

A

He took the binet-simon test and reconfigured it into the stanford-Binet test which was presented to a much larger audience in the US.

53
Q

what did David wechsler do 5.9

A

He can up with Wechslers adult intelligence scale (W.A.I.S) and the Wechlser intelligence scale for children (W.I.S.C.). He believed in none verbal performance like spatial awareness, or pattern work.

54
Q

Who came up with the idea of multiple intelligences 5.9

A

Howard gardner

55
Q

Who came up witht he idea of general mental ability (g), specific mental abilities (s), factor analysis (Factors which are similar that can occur together and grouped into one thing), and the two factor theory 5.9

A

Charles spearman

56
Q

Who came up with the Triarchic theory of intelligence and what is it 5.9

A

Robert Sternberg. The theory is that intelligence does not exist in the test but rather in how we apply it to the environment

57
Q

What three traits does a intelligence test need to have to be true and examples 5.10

A

Standardization - Against what is an individual score compared. Ex. giving people pretests before the actual test to find a pattern. We then compare the answers of the actual test to the pattern.

Reliability - is this score stable over time. Ex.
Taking two different versions of the same test to see if your intelligence remain constant.

Validity - does the test measure what is actually says it measures. the test measures what it was intended to measure. Ex. when you gain weight but the scale does not say you are.

58
Q

What are patterns and deviation and example 5.10

A

The pattern is the standard. Deviation are scores that differ from the standard. Ex. the average score on a test is 80 but you got 90. your deviation is 10.

59
Q

What is it called when you are below or above the average 5.10

A

> intellectual disability

< gifted

60
Q

What is Secondary language acquisition 5.11

A

The purposeful and conscious activity to try and encode rules, coventions and patterns of a second language.

61
Q

What is primary language acquisition 5.11

A

The unconscious acquisition of language. Ex. a body learning a language and applying rules of grammar to their speech.

62
Q

Who said that humans must learn and even develop their own language

A

Noam Chomsky

63
Q

what is the language acquisition device

A

It is that humans will naturely learn language not matter what.

64
Q

What is linguistic determinism 5.11

A

That the language we are born into shapes or determines what kind of thoughts we think in an unalterable way.

65
Q

What is linguistic relativism 5.11

A

The idea that thoughts can be altered if we not only learn a new language be also learn to think in it

Ap psychology (8 decks)

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