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BIO 226 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

chemical concept of a gene

A

structurally stable, self-replicating, resists alterations, inheritable

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2
Q

Molecular hierarchy

A

DNA-genotype-RNA-phenotype-protein

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3
Q

Simplified Central Dogma

A

DNA - Transcription - RNA - amino acid chain - folding - protein

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4
Q

DNA is _________ transferred to RNA molecules

A

unidirectionally

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5
Q

What is self-replicating?

A

DNA and RNA

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6
Q

RdRP

A

dependent RNA Polymesase

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7
Q

How do RNA viruses work?

A

Use antisense (non-coding strand) as genetic material via the activity of RdRP

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8
Q

antisense

A

non-coding strand

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9
Q

Retrotranscriptase (RT)

A

Enzyme that allows RNA to be transcribed back to DNA

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10
Q

Exception to self-replicating rule

A

Prion diseases

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11
Q

Molecular mechanisms behind the transfer of genetic info

A

Transcription and translation

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12
Q

Where does transcription and translation happen in prokaryotes

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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14
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

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15
Q

Where is RNA synthesized then transported to?

A

Synthesized in nucleus, transported to the cytoplasm

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16
Q

Where does most of our understanding of transcription processes come from?

A

Study of E. coli infection

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17
Q

Phages

A

DNA viruses that infect bacteria by hijacking the transcription and translation mechanisms

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18
Q

Characteristics of RNA molecules

A

Single stranded
OH group in position 2 of the ribose
uses U instead of T, but when RNA folds U can pair with A or G
Can catalyze reactions

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19
Q

Ribozyme

A

catalytic RNA

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20
Q

Small nuclear RNA

A

snRNA
structural components of spliceosomes

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20
Q

Messenger RNA

A

m RNA
intermediates that carry genetic info from DNA to the ribosomes

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21
Q

Transfer RNA

A

tRNA
adaptors between amino acids and the codons in mRNA

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22
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

rRNA
structural and catalytic components of ribosomes

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23
Q

micro RNA

A

miRNA
short single-stranded RNA that blocks expression of complementary mRNA

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24
general features of RNA synthesis
catalyzed by RNA polymerases processed in 5-3 direction only coding strand used as template U instead of T will be complementary to DNA antisense template strand and identical to DNA contemplate (sense) strand
25
cDNA
the complementary DNA synthesized from RNA template
26
Which DNA strand is used in RNA synthesis
template strand
27
What is the RNA produced by transcription of the template strand referred to?
sense (+) RNA
28
Transcription is a dynamic event, what does this mean?
several events of transcription can be going on at the same time
29
What type of genes are transcribed nonstop
housekeeping genes, such as ribosomal RNA
30
Stages of transcription in prokaryotes
RNA chain initiation RNA chain elongation RNA chain termination
31
RNA polymerases
enzymes responsible for decoding DNA to RNA
32
RNA chain initiation
RNA polymerase binds to promorter region (forms phosphodiester bonds)
33
Promoter region
conserved cis-elements (sequence of DNA) that mark site of binding Only present on template strand
34
RNA chain elongation
chain grows from 5-3
35
RNA chain termination
RNA polymerase arrives at termination site, decouples from DNA template, and RNA strand is released
36
Factor dependent termination
requires a protein factor (p-dependent)
37
Intrinsic termination
requires cis elements (inverted repeat) at end of transcript (p independent)
38
post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA
intron splicing 5' capping 3' poly-adenylation
39
differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription
one RNA polymerase vs 3 (5 in plants) naked DNA vs chromatin simple vs complicated transript
40
RNA polymerase 2
transcribes mRNA and some functional/non-coding RNA
41
capping
unusual 5-5 phosphodiester bond between a methylated guanine nucleotide to the first transcribed nucleotide in the RNA
42
cap purpose
transport across nuclear envelope protect mRNA from cytoplasmic nucleases recognition on signal for translation machinery
43
poly a tail
poly a polymerase recognizes cleaved and processed transcripts as templates to add poly a tail (200 adenines)
44
Poly(a) tail purpose
enhance mRNA stability in cytoplasm promotes translation
45
mature mRNA
only coding sequences (no introns) capped on 5 poly-A tail on the 3
46
What does splicing allow?
more alternative genes and to remove introns
47
introns
noncoding sequences
48
exons
coding sequences
49
R loops
formed by 2 nucleic acid strands. Its boundaries mark the interval of an exon in the gene
50
what does a single r loop mean
all coding sequence present in the RNA has direct correspondence in its gene. They are the exons
51
Do prokaryotes have introns?
no
52
2 mechanisms of splicing in eukaryotes
Self splicing and RNA/protein complex mediated splicing
53
self splicing
primary transcript with enzymatic activity/ribozyme. No protein involvement or energy required
54
RNA/Protein complex mediated splicing
enzymes/snRNA needed to recognize and mediate intron excision (spliceosome). Requires energy
55
Which RNA polymerase does translation use
RNA pol 2 - mRNA RNA pol 1 - all RNA RNA pol 3 - tRNA
56
tRNA job
acts as adapter between codons and amino acids. They fold into 3 different structures that determine its function
57
Which codons don't have a corresponding tRNA
stop codons
58
Hachimoji DNA
8 nucleotides 4 biological (A,C,T,G) 4 new synthetic (Z,P,S,B) can be replicated and transcribed to RNA
59
Properties of genetic code
composed of nucleotide triplets, stop, and start codons non-overlapping comma-free is degenerate and nearly universal
60
Wobble Rules
tRNA can interact with more than 1 condon
61
amber mutation
a premature stop codon
62
amber suppressors
mutations in tRNA genes that change the anticodon specificity can re-engineer the genetic code in cells

BIO 226 (6 decks)

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