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AP PSYCH (swapped) > UNIT 5 > Flashcards

UNIT 5 Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

the persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yeild better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice

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3
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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4
Q

visual encoding

A

the encoding of picture images

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5
Q

acoustic encoding

A

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

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6
Q

semantic encoding

A

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

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7
Q

imagery

A

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

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8
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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9
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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10
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second

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11
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds

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12
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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13
Q

implicit memory

A

retention independent of conscious recollection - IMpossible to remember

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14
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” - able to EXplain

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15
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural cneter that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

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16
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

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17
Q

proactive interference

A

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

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18
Q

retroactive interference

A

the disruption effect of new learning on the recall of old information

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19
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

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20
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event; at the heart of false memories

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21
Q

source amnesia

A

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined; at the heart of false memories

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22
Q

encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system

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23
Q

storage

A

the retention of encoded information over time

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24
Q

retrieval

A

the process of getting information our of memory storage

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25
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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26
Q

short-term memory

A

activitated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or fargotten

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27
Q

long-term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills and experiences

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28
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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29
Q

parallel processing

A

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mose of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

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30
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning

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31
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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32
Q

rehearsal

A

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

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33
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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34
Q

amnesia

A

the loss of memory

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35
Q

recall

A

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

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36
Q

recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

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37
Q

relearning

A

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

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38
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

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39
Q

deja vu

A

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

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40
Q

algorithm

A

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

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41
Q

heuristic

A

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

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42
Q

insight

A

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

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43
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

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44
Q

confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our presonceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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45
Q

fixation

A

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

46
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been sucessful in the past

47
Q

functional fixedness

A

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

48
Q

overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident that correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

49
Q

belief perseverence

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were informed has been discredited

50
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

51
Q

language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

52
Q

phoneme

A

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

53
Q

morpheme

A

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word

54
Q

grammar

A

a system if rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

55
Q

semantics

A

the set of rules by which we derive menaing from morphemes, words, and sentences ina given language; also, the study of meaning

56
Q

syntax

A

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

57
Q

babbling stage

A

beginning at about 4 months - infants spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

58
Q

linguistic determination

A

Whrof’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

59
Q

cognition

A

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

60
Q

concept

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people

61
Q

prototype

A

a mental image or best example of a category

62
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

63
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability on memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

64
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with eplicit, conscious reasoning

65
Q

one-word stage

A

the stage in speech development, from about 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words`

66
Q

two-word stage

A

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

67
Q

telegraphic speech

A

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a tetlgram - “go car”

68
Q

intelligence test

A

a method for assessinf an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

69
Q

intelligence

A

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

70
Q

general intelligence (g)

A

Spearman - a general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

71
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of realted items (factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score

72
Q

savant sydrome

A

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an expectional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

73
Q

emotional intelligence

A

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

74
Q

mental age

A

Binet - a measure of intelligence test performance - a child who does as well as a 8 year old has that mental age

75
Q

Stanford-Binet

A

the widely used American version (Terman at Stanford University) of Binet’s original intelligence test

76
Q

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A

originally (ma/ca x 100 = IQ); now the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

77
Q

achievement test

A

tests designed to assess what a person has learned

78
Q

aptitude tests

A

tests designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

79
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A

most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

80
Q

standardization

A

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretest

81
Q

normal curve

A

the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many pyhsical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

82
Q

reliability

A

the extent to which a test yields consistent redults, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting

83
Q

validity

A

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

84
Q

content validity

A

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

85
Q

predictive validity

A

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the ctiteriob behavior

86
Q

intellectual disability

A

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to prefound

87
Q

Down Syndrome

A

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

88
Q

stereotype threat

A

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

89
Q

grit

A

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

90
Q

cohort

A

a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period

91
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

92
Q

fluid intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

93
Q

cross-sectional study

A

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

94
Q

longitudinal study

A

research that follows and retests the same people over time

95
Q

heritability

A

the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of the population and environments studied

96
Q

testing effect (retrieval practice effect/test-enhanced learning)

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

97
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

98
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

99
Q

episodic memory

A

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory)

100
Q

reconsolidation

A

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

101
Q

memory consolidation

A

the neural storage of a long-term memory

102
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

103
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

104
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past

105
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

106
Q

divergent thinking

A

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions

107
Q

aphasia

A

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).

108
Q

Broca’s area

A

helps control language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

109
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

110
Q

linguistic influence

A

the weaker form of “linguistic relativity” - the idea that language affects thought (thus our thinking and world view is “relative to” our cultural language)

AP PSYCH (swapped) (9 decks)

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