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AP Psychology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

Cognition (Memory) (87 cards)

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1
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

Recall

A

Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned previously

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3
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying items that had been previously learned

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4
Q

The Information-Processing Model

A

Humans process their memories similar to a computer (Encoding, storage, and Retrieval)

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5
Q

Encoding

A

The process of getting information into the memory system

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6
Q

Storage

A

The process of retaining encoded information overtime

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7
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage

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8
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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9
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. (Encoded through rehearsal)

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10
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, including knowledge, skills, and experience

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11
Q

Working Memory

A

A newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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12
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Retention of facts and experience that one can consciously know and can be explained to others

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13
Q

Episodic Memories

A

Event that have happened in your own life

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14
Q

Semantic

A

General knowledge that you learn such as facts from class

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15
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Skips the conscious encoding track and is stored away through automatic processing

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16
Q

Procedural Memory

A
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17
Q

Space

A

Encoding where stuff is located (such as something on a book page)

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18
Q

Time

A

Sequencing events throughout the day

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19
Q

Frequency

A

How many times things happen

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20
Q

perspective Memory

A

A type of memory related to future actions

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21
Q

Iconic Memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli lasting no longer than a few tenths’ of a second

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22
Q

Echoic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli lasting between 3-4 second

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23
Q

Short-term Memory Capacity

A

7+- 2 pieces of information

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24
Q

Working Memory Capacity

A

varies depending on the age and other factors

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25
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. (Phone numbers)
26
Mnemonics
Memory aids that often we use vivid imagery
27
Method of Loci
Relies on spatial relationships between locations (Loci) to arrange and recollect content
28
Acronyms
Create words from the first letters such as ROY G BIV (colors)
29
Spacing Effect (for distributed practice)
Encoding is better retained when distributed practice is completed over time
30
Massed Practice
Cramming (quick study morning before test)
31
Testing Effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than reading information
32
Shallow Processing vs. Deep Processing
Encoding on a structural (basic) level Phonemic encoding process
33
Hippocampus
A neural center in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
34
Infantile Amnesia
The inability to recall memories from the first three years of life
35
Synaptic Changes
alterations in the strength of connections between neurons
36
Long-Term potentiation (LTP)
Increased firing potential of a cell after brief rapid stimulation, believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
37
Retrieval cues
Things that help stimulate memories that you remember in that moment
38
Context-dependent Memory
Your physical location can impact the memories that can be recalled
39
Encoding specificity principle
Cues specific to an event or person will most effectively triggers a memory
40
Overlearning
Practicing newly acquired skills beyond the point of initial mastery
41
State-dependent memory
What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
42
Mood-Congruent Memory
Tendency to recall experience that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
43
Serial-Position effect
The tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
44
Primary Effect
Remembering the first information than later on
45
Recency Effect
Remembering the last rather than the first information
46
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to form new, explicit memories
47
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to retrieve memories from ones past
48
Encoding Failure
If we fail to encode sensations to our long-term memory, we will never remember it
49
Storage Decay
The forgetting memories overtime
50
Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve
The course of forgetting is initially rapid then levels off with time
51
Proactive Interference
Prior learning disrupts the recall of new information -Moving forwards = PORN = Proactive, Old Replaces, New
52
Retroactive Interference
New learning disrupts the recall of old information -Moving backwards = New Replaces Old
53
Sleep
Good time to commit information to the memory
54
Positive Transfer
Previously learned information facilitates the learning of new information
55
Repression
A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious awareness
56
Source Amnesia
Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined
57
Concepts
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people
58
Prototype
A mental image that is the best example of a concept
59
Creativity
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas
60
Aptitude
The ability to learn
61
Convergent Thinking
Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
62
Divergent Thinking
Expanding the number of possible problem solutions
63
5 Components of Creativity
64
Executive Functions
The cognitive skills that work together, enabling us to generate, organize, plan, and implement goal directed activities
65
Algorithm
A methodical, logical rile or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
66
Heuristic
A simple style of thinking that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
67
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective
68
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought
69
Representativeness Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match
70
Gambler's Fallacy
71
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
72
Belief Perseverance
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
73
Framing
The way an issue is posed can significantly affect decision and judgments
74
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words, and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
75
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
76
Morphemes
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
77
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables to communicate with and understand others
78
Semantics
Set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds
79
Syntax
Set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentence
80
Language Acquisition
Whatever language we experience as children, whether spoken or signed, we will readily learn its specific grammar and vocabulary.
81
Receptive Language
babies ability to understand what s said to and about them by approximately
82
Productive Language
Babies' ability to produce words by approx. 12 months
83
Babbling Stage
4 months
84
One-Word Stage
1-2 years old
85
Two-Word Stage
2 years old
86
Telegraphic Speech
A child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns + verbs
87

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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