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Human Geo Unit 3+4+5 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main driving forces that have shaped agriculture?

A

A: Physical geography and economics.

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2
Q

How does physical geography influence agriculture?

A

A: Climate and landforms determine which crops can be grown and which animals can be raised in each region.

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3
Q

Q: How does economics affect agricultural practices?

A

A: The supply and demand for products influence what farmers decide to grow based on consumer preferences.

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4
Q

Q: How are climate and agriculture linked?

A

A: Climate, soil types, and precipitation levels directly influence what crops and animals can be raised.

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5
Q

Q: What regions of the world do not typically support agricultural activity?

A

A: High latitudes and high altitudes.

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6
Q

Q: What is plantation agriculture?

A

A: A large commercial farm that specializes in one crop, often found in low-latitudes, and relies on cheap labor. Examples include coffee, cocoa, and sugarcane.

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7
Q

Q: What is mixed crop and livestock farming?

A

A: A farming system where crops are grown to feed livestock, and livestock manure is used to fertilize the crops. This is common in developed regions like the Midwestern US.

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8
Q

Q: What are extensive farming practices?

A

A: Agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital and labor relative to the amount of land being used.

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9
Q

Q: What is hunting and gathering?

A

A: The earliest form of food acquisition where men hunted and women gathered. This practice is now limited to isolated groups in less developed countries.

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10
Q

Q: What is pastoral nomadism?

A

A: A form of subsistence farming where people travel with domesticated animals like cattle and camels. Common in areas like Southcentral Asia and East Africa.

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11
Q

Q: What is shifting cultivation?

A

A: Subsistence farming where farmers move from field to field, often clearing land by burning vegetation to enrich the soil. Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture.

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12
Q

Q: What are the three main types of rural settlement patterns?

A

A: Clustered, dispersed, and linear.

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13
Q

Q: What is a clustered rural settlement?

A

A: A settlement pattern where homes are grouped near each other in a hamlet or village, fostering a strong sense of community.

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14
Q

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of clustered rural settlements?

A

A: Advantages: Strong community, easy access to shared services like schools and churches. Disadvantages: Farmers had to walk long distances to their fields, and monitoring crops and animals was challenging.

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15
Q

Q: What is a dispersed rural settlement?

A

A: A settlement pattern where homes are spread throughout the countryside, common in North America, especially in the US and Canada.

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16
Q

Q: Why were dispersed settlements common in North America?

A

A: The government promoted westward expansion by offering land to farmers, leading to a sparse distribution of agricultural villages.

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17
Q

Q: What is a linear rural settlement?

A

A: A settlement pattern where houses and buildings follow the lines of road transport routes, designed for easy access to transportation.

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18
Q

Q: How does the English surveying system work?

A

A: It uses “metes” for short distances (often referring to specific features like trees) and “bounds” for larger areas (such as streams or roads).

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18
Q

Q: What are the three main rural survey methods?

A

A: English Surveying System (Metes and Bounds), American Surveying System (Townships and Range), French Surveying System (Long-lot system).

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19
Q

Q: What is the American surveying system?

A

A: A system based on dividing land into townships and ranges, with each township being six miles by six miles, and sections within each township being 640 acres.

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20
Q

Q: What was the purpose of the American surveying system introduced in 1785?

A

A: It organized land into a systematic grid for easier division and settlement, as opposed to using natural landscape features.

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21
Q

Q: How does the French long-lot system work?

A

A: Farms are long, narrow plots that run perpendicular to rivers, allowing many farmers to have river frontage for water access and trade. This system is common in Quebec and Louisiana.

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22
Q

Q: What was the Second Agricultural Revolution?

A

A: It was a period in the 1700s when farming became more efficient with new machines and better transportation.

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23
Q

Q: What were some key inventions during the Second Agricultural Revolution?

A

A: The steel plough and mechanized harvesting.

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24
Q: How did new farming technology impact society?
A: It improved diets, increased life expectancy, and led to more people moving to cities for factory jobs.
25
Q: What were the Enclosure Acts?
A: Laws that allowed landowners to take over common lands used by farmers.
26
Q: What happened because of the Enclosure Acts?
A: Farms became bigger, more crops were grown for profit, and many people moved to cities to work in factories.
27
Q: What were the key advances of the Green Revolution?
A: Better crop varieties, use of fertilizers, pesticides, and large-scale irrigation.
28
Q: What is the Green Revolution?
A: A movement starting in the mid-1900s that created higher-yielding, disease-resistant, fast-growing crops, especially rice, corn, and wheat.
29
Q: How did the Green Revolution affect farming in developing countries?
A: It allowed farmers to grow more crops per year (double-cropping) and improve food production.
30
Q: What are the positive impacts of the Green Revolution?
A: Increased food production, higher yields, less hunger, lower death rates, and lower food prices.
31
Q: What are the negative impacts of the Green Revolution?
A: Environmental damage, soil erosion, pollution, and health issues from chemicals.
32
Q: What economic factors influence farming decisions?
A: The cost of land, labor, and capital.
33
Q: How do farmers use land differently based on cost?
A: If land is cheap and plentiful, farmers use it extensively. If land is expensive or scarce, farmers use it more intensively.
34
Q: What is commercial agriculture?
A: Agriculture aimed at producing crops for sale and profit.
35
Q: What is subsistence agriculture?
A: Agriculture where farmers grow food mainly for their own consumption, not for sale.
36
Q: What is the bid-rent theory?
A: It explains how land prices change the further you are from a central business district (CBD), with prices dropping as distance increases.
37
Q: What is monoculture or monocropping?
A: Growing a single cash crop on a large scale, common in large-scale farming.
38
Q: Why can't small farmers compete with large-scale farming?
A: Large-scale farms can produce food at a cheaper cost per unit, making it difficult for small farmers to compete.
39
Q: What is agribusiness?
A: The integration of large-scale commercial agriculture, food processing, research, and development, often controlled by transnational corporations.
40
Q: How does agribusiness affect farming?
A: It involves highly mechanized, large-scale farming that uses chemicals and biotechnology. It often eliminates smaller, family-run farms.
41
Q: What is monoculture in large-scale farming?
A: Growing a single cash crop on large plots of land, common in large-scale farming operations.
42
Q: Why can't small farms compete with large-scale agribusiness?
A: Large-scale farms produce food at a cheaper cost per unit, making it hard for small farms to compete.
43
Q: What is a suitcase farm?
A: A farm where no one lives on-site, and labor is done by migrant workers or nearby farmers.
44
Q: What is a supply chain or commodity chain?
A: A system involving resources, producers, transportation, and consumers, often controlled by one corporation.
45
Q: What is vertical integration in a supply chain?
A: When a company owns several smaller businesses involved in different steps of producing a product.
46
Q: How has globalization affected agriculture?
A: It has created a complex global system where products like bananas, coffee, and chocolate can be consumed around the world, thanks to improved transportation, biotechnology, and mechanization.
47
Q: How has technology improved farming productivity?
A: Advances in transportation, fertilizers, harvesting equipment, and refrigeration have allowed one farmer to feed more people.
48
Q: What are cool chains?
A: Transportation networks that keep food cold during its journey, enabling fresh produce to travel globally at low prices.
49
Q: What does the Von Thünen Model explain about agricultural land use?
A: It explains that land use around a central market depends on transportation costs. Perishable goods are grown closer to the market, while less perishable goods are grown farther away where land is cheaper.
50
Q: How are agricultural products part of the global supply chain?
A: Globalization has created interdependence between countries, with larger, developed countries exporting food to smaller, less developed ones.
51
Q: Which countries are top exporters of food products?
A: The United States, Brazil, China, and Argentina.
52
Q: What do countries with climate advantages export?
A: Luxury crops like coffee, sugar, tea, and bananas.
53
Q: How do Southern Hemisphere countries contribute to global food distribution?
A: They provide food to the Northern Hemisphere during winter months.
54
Q: What problems can arise from focusing on export crops in developing countries?
A: It can lead to economic and environmental issues, such as importing food at higher prices and environmental damage from poor farming practices.
55
Q: What environmental problems can result from monocropping in developing countries?
A: Water pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, and soil salinization.
56
Q: How do political relationships affect global agriculture?
A: Former colonies often have easier trade with their colonizers, and agribusinesses from developed countries control land and crop production in developing countries.
57
Q: What is the Fairtrade movement?
A: A movement that aims to promote equality and fair conditions for farmers in developing countries.
58
Q: How does infrastructure affect global agriculture?
A: Poor infrastructure in developing countries makes it hard to get crops to market, while developed countries can easily ship food products worldwide.
59
Q: What are some agricultural practices that alter the landscape?
A: Slash and burn, terracing, irrigation, deforestation, draining wetlands, shifting cultivation, and pastoral nomadism.
60
Q: What are the benefits of terracing in agriculture?
A: Easier planting, collecting rainwater, reducing soil erosion.
61
Q: What problems can arise from large-scale irrigation?
A: Salinization (salt buildup in soil), land submergence, and disruption of natural drainage.
62
Q: What environmental issues are caused by deforestation?
A: Soil erosion, desertification, decreased rainfall, increased atmospheric CO2, and global climate change.
63
Q: What is slash-and-burn agriculture and its impact?
A: Cutting down and burning trees to clear land. Small-scale is beneficial; large-scale can damage the environment.
64
Q: What are the side effects of modern food production?
A: Chemical fertilizers polluting water, overgrazing leading to desertification, and replacing forests with fields.
65
Q: What global conservation effort aimed to protect the Amazon rainforest?
A: The “Save the Rainforest” movement in the 1980s promoted agricultural practices that did not harm the Amazon.
66
Q: What are GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)?
A: GMOs are plants and animals modified in a lab by transferring genes from one species to another to improve traits like pest resistance.
67
Q: What are some concerns over GMOs?
A: Expensive for poor farmers, possible development of "super pests" and "superweeds," and potential long-term health risks.
68
What is Fair Trade?
A: Fair Trade aims to ensure small farmers in poor countries earn more money for their crops by bypassing large corporations, especially for products like coffee, tea, bananas, and chocolate.

Human Geo Unit 3+4+5 (3 decks)

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