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miss estruch cards > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

im crying so hard im sobbing i cant do it (94 cards)

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1
Q

Location of light
dependent
reaction

A

Thylakoid membranes of
chloroplast

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2
Q

Location of light
independent
reaction

A

Stroma of chloroplast

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2
Q

Chloroplast
structure

A

outer membrane
inter membrane space
inner membrane
stroma
granum(the stack)
thylakoid (individual)
lamella (connects thylakoid)
starch grain
circular DNA
70s ribosomes

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2
Q

Thylakoid
membranes

A

Folded membranes containing
photosynthetic proteins
(chlorophyll)
embedded with transmembrane
electron carrier proteins
involved in the LDRs

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3
Q

Products of
photolysis

A

H+
Picked up by NADP to form
reduced NADP for LIR
e-
passed along chain of
electron carrier proteins
oxygen
used in respiration or
diffuses out leaf via stomata

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3
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Located in proteins on thylakoid
membranes
mix of coloured proteins that
absorb light
different proportions of each
pigment lead to different
colours on leaves

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3
Q

Advantage of
many pigments

A

Each pigment absorbs a
different wavelength of visible
light
many pigments maximises
spectrum of visible light
absorbed
maximum light energy taken in
so more photoionisation and
higher rate of photosynthesis

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4
Q

Photolysis

A

Light energy absorbed by
chlorophyll splits water into
oxygen, H+ and e
H2O > 1/2 O2 + 2e- + 2H+

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4
Q

Photoionisation
of chlorophyll

A

Light energy absorbed by
chlorophyll excites electrons so
they move to a higher energy
level and leave chlorophyll
some of the energy released is
used to make ATP and reduced
NADP

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4
Q

Light-dependent
reaction (LDR)

A

First stage of photosynthesis
occurs in thylakoid membranes
uses light energy and water to
create ATP and reduced NADP
for LIR
involves photoionisation of
chlorophyll, photolysis and
chemiosmosis

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5
Q

What happens to
protons after
chemiosmosis

A

Combine with co-enzyme NADP
to become reduced NADP
reduced NADP used in LIR

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5
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Electrons that gained energy move along a series of electron
carriers in thylakoid membrane

release energy as they go along which pumps proteins across
thylakoid membrane

electrochemical gradient made protons pass back across via ATP synthase enzyme producing ATP down their conc. gradient

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6
Q

Products of
LDR

A

ATP (used in LIR)
reduced NADP (used in LIR)
oxygen (used in respiration /
diffuses out stomata)

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7
Q

Light
independent
reaction (LIR)

A

Calvin cycle
uses CO2, reduced NADP and
ATP to form hexose sugar
occurs in stroma which
contains the enzyme Rubisco
temperature-sensitive

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8
Q

Calvin cycle

A

CO2 (with rubisco)> 2 X GP (with ATP and reduced NADP) > 2 X TP (with ATP) > RUBP

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9
Q

RuBP

A

Ribulose Bisphosphate
5-carbon molecule

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10
Q

GP

A

Glycerate-3-phosphate
3-carbon molecule

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10
Q

TP

A

Triose phosphate
3-carbon molecule

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11
Q

Producing
hexose sugar
in LIR

A

Takes 6 cycles
glucose can join to form
disaccharides (sucrose) or
polysaccharides (cellulose)
can be converted to glycerol to
combine with fatty acids to
make lipids

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12
Q

Limiting factor

A

A factor which, if increased, the
rate of the overall reaction also
increases

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13
Q

Limiting
factors of
photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
CO2 concentration
temperature

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14
Q

How light
intensity limits
photosynthesis

A

If reduced, levels of ATP and reduced
NADP would fall
LDR limited - less photolysis and
photoionisation
GP cannot be reduced to triose
phosphate in LIR

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15
Q

How temperature
limits
photosynthesis

A

LIR inhibited - enzyme
controlled (Rubisco)
up to optimum, more collisions
and E-S complexes
above optimum, H-bonds in
tertiary structure break, active
site changes shape - denatured

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16
Q

How CO2
concentration limits
photosynthesis

A

f reduced, LIR inhibited
less CO2 to combine with RuBP
to form GP
less GP reduced to TP
less TP converted to hexose and
RuBP regenerated

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17
Agricultural practices to maximise plant growth
Growing plants under artificial lighting to maximise light intensity heating in greenhouse to increase temperature burning fuel to release CO2
18
Benefit of agricultural practices for plant growth
Faster production of glucose -> faster respiration more ATP to provide energy for growth e.g. cell division + protein synthesis higher yields so more profit
19
Products of LIR
Hexose sugar NADP - used in LDR
20
Stages of aerobic respiration
1) Glycolysis 2) Link reaction 3) Krebs cycle 4) Oxidative phosphorylation
21
Location of glycolysis
Cytoplasm
22
Glycolysis
Substrate level phosphorylation - 2 ATP molecules add 2 phosphate groups to glucose glucose phosphate splits into two triose phosphate (3C) molecules both TP molecules are oxidised (reducing NAD) to form 2 pyruvate molecules (3C) releases 4 ATP molecules
22
Location of the Krebs cycle
mitochondrial matrix
23
Coenzymes
A molecule which aids / assists an enzyme NAD and FAD in respiration both gain hydrogen to form reduced NAD (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH) NADP in photosynthesis gains hydrogen to form reduced NADP (NADPH)
23
Products of glycolysis
Net gain of 2 ATP 2 reduced NAD 2 pyruvate molecule
24
How many ATP molecules does glycolysis produce
2 ATP molecules used to phosphorylate glycose to glucose phosphate 4 molecules generated in oxidation of TP to pyruvate net gain 2 ATP molecules
24
Location of the link reaction
Mitochondrial matrix
25
Products of the link reaction per glucose molecule
2 acetylcoenzyme A molecules 2 carbon dioxide molecules released 2 reduced NAD molecules
25
Link reaction
educed NAD and pyruvate are actively transported to matrix pyruvate is oxidised to acetate (forming reduced NAD) carbon removed and CO2 forms acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetylcoenzyme A (2C)
26
Krebs cycle
Acetylcoenzyme A combines with 4C molecule to produce a 6C molecule - enters cycle oxidation-reduction reactions
26
Cristae of mitochondria
Double membrane with inner membrane folded into cristae enzymes in matrix
27
Products of the Krebs cycle per glucose
8 reduced coenzymes 6 reduced NAD 2 reduced FAD 2 ATP 4 carbon dioxide
28
Location of oxidative phosphorylation
Cristae of mitochondria
29
How would lack of oxygen affect respiration
How would lack of oxygen affect respiration
29
Role of reduced coenzymes in oxidative phosphorylation
Accumulate in mitochondrial matrix, where they release their protons (H+) and electrons (e-) regenerate NAD and FAD to be used in glycolysis/ link reaction / Krebs cycle
29
Units of productivity rates
kJ Ha-1 year-1 kJ is the unit for energy
30
Anaerobic respiration in plants & microbes
Pyruvate produced in glycolysis is reduced to form ethanol and CO2 pyruvate gains hydrogen from reduced NAD reduced NAD oxidised to NAD so can be reused in glycolysis 2 ATP produced
30
Role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in electron transport chain oxygen combines with protons and electrons to form water enables the electron transport chain to continue
30
How is ATP made in oxidative phosphorylation
Protons move down electrochemical gradient back into matrix via ATP synthase ATP created movement of H+ is chemiosmosis
30
Role of electrons in oxidative phosphorylation
Electrons pass down series of electron carrier proteins, losing energy as they move energy released actively transports H+ from mitochondrial matrix to intermembranal space electrochemical gradient generated
31
Oxidation
Loss of electrons when a molecule loses hydrogen
31
Reduction
Gain of electrons a reaction where a molecule gains hydrogen
31
Other respiratory substances
Fatty acids and amino acids can enter the Krebs cycle for continued ATP synthesis
31
Location of anaerobic respiration
Cytoplasm glycolysis only source of ATP
32
Anaerobic respiration animals
Pyruvate produced in glycolysis is reduced to form lactate pyruvate gains hydrogen from reduced NAD reduced NAD oxidised to NAD so can be reused in glycolysis 2 ATP produc
32
Lipids as respiratory substances
Glycerol from lipid hydrolysis converted to acetylcoenzyme A can enter the Krebs cycle
32
Consumers
Heterotrophs that cannot synthesise their own energy obtain chemical energy through eating
32
Energy transfer between trophic levels
Biomass and its stored energy is transferred through trophic levels very inefficiently most energy is lost due to respiration and excretion
32
Calorimetry
Laboratory method used to estimate chemical energy stored in dry biomass
32
Biomass
Measured in terms of: mass of carbon dry mass of tissue per given area
32
Proteins as respiratory substances
Amino acids from protein hydrolysis can be converted to intermediates within Krebs cycle
32
Producers
Plants produce their own carbohydrates from carbon dioxide (autotrophs) start of a food web
33
Why is productivity measured per year
More representative of productivity takes into account effects of seasonal variation (temperature) on biomass environments can be compared with a standardised amount of time
33
Calculating net primary production
NPP = GPP - R r = respiratory losses to the environment
33
how is dry mass of tissue estimated
Sample of organism dried in oven below 100C (avoiding combustion + loss of biomass) sample reweighed at regular intervals all water removed when mass constant
33
Why is dry mass a representative measure of biomass
Water content in tissues varies heating until constant mass allows standardisation of measurements for comparison
33
Calorimetry method
Sample of dry biomass is burnt energy released used to heat known volume of water change in temperature of water used to calculate chemical energy
34
Net primary production
Chemical energy stored in plant biomass after respiratory losses available for plant growth and reproduction - create biomass available to other trophic levels
34
Gross primary production
Chemical energy stored in plant biomass, in a given area / volume total energy resulting from photosynthesis
34
Calculating net production of consumers (N)
N = I - (F + R) I = chemical energy store in ingested food F = chemical energy store in faeces / urine R = respiratory losses
34
Why is energy transfer inefficient from sun -> producer
Wrong wavelength of light - not absorbed by chlorophyll light strikes nonphotosynthetic region (bark) light reflected by clouds / dust lost as heat
34
Why is productivity measured per area
Per hectare (for example) is used because environments vary in size standardises results so environments can be compared
34
Why is energy transfer inefficient after producers
Respiratory loss - energy used for metabolism (active transport) lost as heat not all plant / animal eaten (bones) some food undigested (faeces)
35
Farming practices to increase energy transfer for animals
Reducing respiratory losses (more energy to make biomass) restrict movement keep warm slaughter animal when young (most energy used for growth) selective breeding to produce breeds with higher growth rates
35
Farming practices to increase energy transfer for crops
Simplifying food webs to reduce energy / biomass herbicides kill weeks -> less competition fungicides reduce fungal infections results in more energy used to create biomass fertilisers such as nitrates to promote growth
36
Saprobionts
Feed on remains of dead organisms and their waste products (faeces / urea) and break down organic molecules secrete enzymes for extracellular digestion
37
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots of plants fungi act as extensions of roots increase surface area of system - increasing rate of absorption mutualistic relationship as plants supply fungi with carbohydrates
38
Importance of nitrogen to organisms
Used to create amino acids / proteins DNA RNA ATp
38
Nitrogen cycle stages
Nitrogen fixation nitrification denitrification ammonification
39
nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixing bacteria break triple bond between two nitrogen atoms in nitrogen gas fix this nitrogen into ammonium ions
39
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Fix nitrogen gas into ammonium ions free living in soil or form mutualistic relationship on root nodules of leguminous plants give plants N in exchange for carbohydrates
39
Nitrification
Ammonium ions in soil are oxidised to nitrite ions nitrite ions are oxidised to nitrate ions by nitrifying bacteria
39
Denitrification
Returns nitrogen in compounds back into nitrogen gas in atmosphere by anaerobic denitrifying bacteria
39
Ammonification
Proteins / urea / DNA can be decomposed in dead matter and waste by saprobionts return ammonium ions to soil - saprobiotic nutrition
39
importance of phosphorius
Used to create: DNA RNA ATP phospholipid bilayers RuBP / GP/ Tp
39
Phosphorus cycle
i actually have no idea how to put this in a flashcard so goodluck
39
Fertilisers
Replace nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) lost from an ecosystem's nutrient cycle when crops are harvested livestock removed can be natural (manure) or artificial (inorganic chemicals)
39
Natural fertilisers advantages
Cheaper than artificial fertilisers often free if farmer has own animals - recycle manure organic molecules have to be broken down first by saprobionts so leaching less likely
40
Artificial fertilisers advantages
Contain pure chemicals in exact proportions more water-soluble, so more ions dissolve in water surrounding soil. higher absorption
40
Natural fertilisers disadvantages
Exact minerals and proportions cannot be controlled
40
Artificial fertilisers disadvantages
hgh solubility means larger quantities can leach away with rain risking eutrophication reduce species diversity as favour plants with higher growth rates e.g., nettles
40
Leaching
When water-soluble compounds are washed away into rivers / ponds for nitrogen fertilisers, this can lead to eutrophication
41
Eutrophication
When nitrates leached from fields stimulate growth of algae algal bloom can lead to death of aquatic organisms
42
How does eutrophication lead to death of aquatic organisms?
alal bloom creates blanket surface of water blocking light plants cannot photosynthesize and die aerobic bacteria feed and respire on dead plant matter eventually, aquatic organisms die due to lack of dissolved oxygen in water
42
Mutualistic relationships
A type of symbiotic relationship where all species involved benefit from their interaction
43
Role of saprobionts in nitrogen cycle
They use enzymes to decompose proteins/DNA/RNA/urea releasing ammonium ions

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