Unit 5+6

Question 1

What did Skinner argue is responsible for the behaviours that people engage in that form a significant portion of their personality.

A. Reinforcement
B. Insight
C. Expectation
D. Outcomes

Answer 1

A. Reinforcement

Question 2

What is the best way to characterize how well a persons five traits predict their behaviour in the real world?

A. Their traits are moderately predicative of their actual behaviour
B. Their traits are mildly predicative of their behaviour
C. Their traits are highly predicative of their behaviour
D. Their traits don’t predict their behaviour.

Answer 2

C. Their traits are highly predicative of their behaviour

Question 3

Which of the following represents the correct developmental order of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?

A. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
B. Anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency
C. Anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital
D. Oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic

Answer 3

A. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 4

According to the five-factor model of personality, how could a person who is high on openness be described?

A. Sociable
B. Helpful
C. Disciplined
D. Independent

Answer 4

D. Independent

Question 5

According to Daniel Nettle, which personality trait would have, in particular, conferred a survival advantage through avoidance of danger and therefore would have been selected for in our ancestral environment?

A. Extraversion
B. Openness
C. Neuroticism
D. Introversion

Answer 5

C. Neuroticism

Question 6

What does cross-cultural research suggest about the Big Five personality traits?

A. They are unique to each culture
B. They are fairly inconsistent across cultures
C. They are fairly consistent across cultures
D. They exist only in Western cultures.

Answer 6

C. They are fairly consistent across cultures

Question 7

According to Carl Jung, which of the following is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from peoples ancestral past?

A. Unconscious
B. Collective unconscious
C. Personal unconscious
D. Universal unconscious

Answer 7

B. Collective unconscious

Question 8

What areas of the brain will differ most between a person who is neurotic and a person who is not neurotic?

A. The areas associated with reward
B. The areas of the brain associated with memory
C. The areas associated with threat
D. The areas of the brain associated with balance.

Answer 8

C. The areas associated with threat

Question 9

Which of the following traits is one that people in individualist cultures tend to score higher on than people in collective cultures?

A. Conscientiousness
B. Neuroticism
C. Openness to new experiences
D. Agreeableness

Answer 9

C. Openness to new experiences

Question 10

According to humanistic psychology, what is a pattern of self-perception that remains constant over time and can be used to characterize an individual?

A. The ego
B. Unconditional positive regard
C. Incongruence
D. Self-Concept

Answer 10

D. Self-Concept

Question 11

Mitchell sees himself as a great writer, with very clever ideas. He receives feedback on a paper he wrote for a course and his professor wrote on it that the paper was sloppy, hard to read, and not very original. According to Rogers, what reaction will Mitchell be likely to experience because of this feedback?

A. Anxiety
B. Self-actualization
C. A re-evaluation of his self concept
D. Depression

Answer 11

A. Anxiety

Question 12

Maya is a therapist who makes sure her clients know that she accepts them without terms or conditions. What is she demonstrating?

A. Sublimation
B. Congruence
C. Self-actualization
D. Unconditional positive regard

Answer 12

D. Unconditional positive regard

Question 13

Which statement is consistent with the phenomenological approach?

A. Viewing human behavior as mechanistic and predictable
B. Challenging a persons maladaptive cognitions
C. Trying to see a situation from another persons perspective
D. Interpreting the symbols that are inherent in dreams.

Answer 13

C. Trying to see a situation from another persons perspective

Question 14

Lori was raised in an adaptive home. Which personality trait is MOST likely to be similar to her adoptive parents?

A. Neuroticism
B. Conscientiousness
C. Agreeableness
D. Openness to new experience

Answer 14

D. Openness to new experience

Question 15

According to Sigmund Freud, fixation at which stage results in smoking, overeating, and habitual gum chewing?

A. Phallic
B. Anal
C. Oral
D. Genital

Answer 15

C. Oral

Question 16

Trevor is highly inhibited. Why is this, according to Eysenck?

A. He cannot be conditioned very easily
B. He scores low on introversion
C. He acquires conditioned inhibition more easily
D. He scores high on neuroticism

Answer 16

C. He acquires conditioned inhibition more easily

Question 17

Stella gets average grades in school. She knows that her parents really value high grades, so even though she doesn’t really care about grades herself, she feels quite guilty about not working harder and not getting higher marks. According to Higgins’s self-discrepancy theory, which discrepancy is Stella experiencing?

A. Between her true and ideal self
B. Between her ought and ideal self
C. Between her actual self and ought self
D. Between her true self and actual self

Answer 17

C. Between her actual self and ought self

Question 18

Kris has been having a hard time at work, and his boss has been very critical of everything that he does. When kris hangs out with his friends after work, he is very abrupt with them and contradicts nearly everything they say. Which defense mechanism does this example illustrate?

A. Repression
B. Reaction formation
C. Sublimation
D. Displacement

Answer 18

D. Displacement

Question 19

Although Freud was brilliant, and his theory gained prominence, many contemporaries were uncomfortable With Freud’s ideas. Which Statement is NOT one of the alleged reasons for their discomfort?

A. Freud’s emphasis on sexuality offended conservative Victorians

B. Freud held individuals accountable for their sexual and aggressive tendencies and viewed these behaviors as something fully within their control.

C. Freud was a determinist and suggested people are not the masters of their own minds

D. Freud was a determinist and suggested people are not masters of their own destinies

Answer 19

B. Freud held individuals accountable for their sexual and aggressive tendencies and viewed these behaviors as something fully within their control.

Question 20

The humanistic perspective’s emphasis on humans’ potential for personal growth is most similar to which other personality theorists belief concerning humans’ primary motivation?

A. Carl Jung
B. Skinner
C. Alfred Adler
D. Hans Eysenck

Answer 20

C. Alfred Adler

Question 21

In Solomon Asch’s “line study,” what were participants likely to do when confronted with a group opinion that differed from their own?

A. Obey
B. Resist
C. Conform
D. Intellectualize

Answer 21

C. Conform

Question 22

In which studies were subjects instructed to indicate which of three lines matched a “standard line” in length?

A. Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies
B. Solomon Asch’s conformity studies
C. Daryl Bem’s dissonance studies
D. Phillip Zimbardo’s prison studies

Answer 22

B. Solomon Asch’s conformity studies

Question 23

What is the term for putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining ones identity in terms of groups one belongs to?

A. Attributionism
B. Individualism
C. Functionalism
D. Collectivism

Answer 23

D. Collectivism

Question 24

According to research on the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, which route leads to more enduring attitude change and better predicts future behaviour?

A. Objective route
B. Central route
C. Subjective route
D. Peripheral route

Answer 24

B. Central route

Question 25

Which of the following trends is the risky shift phenomenon most closely associated with? A. Group cohesiveness B. Groupthink C. Group polarization D. Group conformity

Answer 25

C. Group polarization

Question 26

In which studies were subjects instructed to administer increasingly strong electric shocks to another subject when the other subject made a mistake? A. Philip Zimbardos prison studies B. Stanley Milgrams obedience studies C. Daryl Bems dissonance studies D. Solomon Asch's conformity studies

Answer 26

B. Stanley Milgrams obedience studies

Question 27

Which term is defined as widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in particular? A. Person perception B. Stereotypes C. Social schemas D. Prejudice

Answer 27

B. Stereotypes

Question 28

In evolutionary theory, what is the term for a group that we do not belong to or identify with? A. Maladapted group B. Affiliative C. Subculture D. Outgroup

Answer 28

D. Outgroup

Question 29

What happened to subjects in Milgrams study of obedience? A. They were ordered to give consistently wrong answers to simple questions B. They indicated which of three lines matched a "standard line" in length C. They became the recipients of electric shocks delivered by an experimenter D. they were ordered to deliver painful electric shock to a stranger

Answer 29

D. they were ordered to deliver painful electric shock to a stranger

Question 30

Which of the following were two key factors that Solomon Asch found influenced conformity? A. The sex of group members and group unanimity B. The sex of group members and task difficulty C. Group size and unanimity D. Group size and task difficulty

Answer 30

C. Group size and unanimity

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of informational influence? A. Ali stays quiet in a meeting because she isnt prepared B. Kaur plays guitar because she gets a lot of attention for it C. Mary dresses like her friends so that they don't make fun of her D. Steve follows his friend around the mall so that he doesn't get lost

Answer 31

D. Steve follows his friend around the mall so that he doesn't get lost

Question 32

If Mike and Fred both had car accidents, which of the following represents how Mike would explain both accidents based on the fundamental attribution error and actor-observer bias? A. Mikes accident had an external cause and Fred's had an internal cause B. Both had internal causes C. Both had external causes D. Mikes accident had an internal cause and Freds had an external cause.

Answer 32

A. Mikes accident had an external cause and Fred's had an internal cause

Question 33

Elijah listens carefully to the content of an infomercial for a new exercise system. Bob focuses on the fact that two star athletes are endorsing the excersize system. After the infomercial has ended, they both have favourable attitudes toward the system. Who is more likely to purchase the system? A. bob B. Elijah C. Both D. Neither

Answer 33

B. Elijah

Question 34

Which type of attachment is exhibited by adults who experience love relationships that are volatile and marked by jealousy, and reflect expectations of rejection? A. Avoidant attachment B. Anxious-ambivalent attachment C. Immature attachment D. Secure attachment

Answer 34

B. Anxious-ambivalent attachment

Question 35

Imagine you watched a infomercial for a product used to get rid of warts. When you recieve the info book what should you do to analyze the credibility of the source of the product? A. Read the brochure to determine whether the product seems the same as on TV B. Determine whether the company has any physicians who have endorsed the product C. Evaluate the methods that were used to indicate that the product is effective. D. Decide whether you can afford the product

Answer 35

C. Evaluate the methods that were used to indicate that the product is effective.

Question 36

Based on data from a longitudinal study of best friends, what predicts closeness after two decades of friendship? A. Talkativeness B. Similarity C. Gender D. Attractiveness

Answer 36

B. Similarity

Question 37

If you are trying to persuade others to your point of view on AIDS research, what would be an effective strategy? A. Give a two-sided argument, arouse fear, and offer a solution. B. Give a one-sided, fear-invoking argument. C. Emphasize arguments directed at tearing down the opposing view D. Stress only the personal threat of getting AIDS.

Answer 37

A. Give a two-sided argument, arouse fear, and offer a solution.

Question 38

Which statement best reflects the illusory correlation effect? A. We are motivated to accurately estimate the frequency with which some pattern of social traits occurs. B. We fail to see true correlations between social traits, because our expectations distort our memories. C. We incorrectly assume that one social trait is the cause of another, simply because we have observed that they are correlated D. We see correlations between social traits that really arent there, because our expectations distort our memories.

Answer 38

D. We see correlations between social traits that really arent there, because our expectations distort our memories.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of normative influence? A. Kaur plays guitar because she gets attention for it. B. Ali stays quiet because she isnt prepared. C. Steve follows his friend because he doesnt want to get lost D. Mary dresses like her friends so that they wont bully her.

Answer 39

D. Mary dresses like her friends so that they wont bully her.

Question 40

When a classmate earns a D on their essay, Amy figures the classmate is unmotivated and should spend more time working on her schooling. The classmate is disappointed but knows she didnt have much time to work on it because she had to work double shifts the week before the essay was due. What does this illustrate? A. Actor-observer bias B. Self-serving bias C. Defensive attributions D. Cognitive dissonance.

Answer 40

A. Actor-observer bias