Unit 5 (ch. 18-19) Flashcards
0
Q
Facts about the Compte Rendu
A
Jacques Necker:
- Report to king (everyone saw)
- ignore debt of American Revolution
- stop paying salary to aristocracy (pressured king to dismiss him)
- no need for French gov. Rise ad levy taxes
1
Q
Causes of the crisis leading up to the French Revolution
A
- Louis XV:
- debt from 7 years war
- wasn’t able to gain nobility support
- chief advisor Renè Maupeou tried to dismiss the parlement - Louis XVI:
- dismissed Renè, restored parlement
- bankrupt from American Revolution (disruption of crops)
- married Marie Antoinette “Australian whore” “Madame Deffiet” Australian (enemy of France) couldn’t provide male heir
2
Q
Makeup of the estates general and reasons for its conveying in 1789
A
Estates General: -Clergy -nobility -everyone else Reasons: Disagreements of funding for France
3
Q
Financial reforms of Charles Calonne
A
- taille
- gov. encourage free internal trade
- lower salt tax
- universal land tax
4
Q
1st and 2nd attempts to limit rights of 3rd estate
A
- vote by representatives (300 votes)
- vote by clergy (1 vote)
5
Q
Grievances included as part of the Cashiers de Doleances
A
Abolished:
- unfair taxing
- hunting rights
- church corruption
- Absolutism (wanted limited gov.)
- government waste
- property
6
Q
Creation of the National Assembly
A
- didn’t felt they were being heard
- 3rd estate and reform minded 1st and 2nd
- goal to limit kings power
- replace after estates general
7
Q
Tennis Court Oath
A
- June 20, 1789
- keep meeting until they form the New Constitution
- June 27, Louis XVI official recognize them as National Assembly; changed to National Constituent Assembly
8
Q
Reasons for the riots of 1788 and 1789
A
- king dismissed Jacque Necker
- increased bread price
- Louis started mobilizing royal troops to Paris
9
Q
Facts and significance of Storming of the Bastille
A
- July 14, 1789
- marched to Bastille for weapons
- 98 died
- start of the Revolution
- Louis writes “nothing” from hunting
- national guard lead by Marquis de Lafayette
10
Q
The Great Fear
A
- rumor the king was confiscating towns people’s home
- took matter into own hands and attacked the nobilities home
- highlighted the tipping point of lower class
11
Q
Night of August 4th
A
- Feudalism is abolished
- getting rid of the social class
12
Q
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
A
- Aug. 27,1789
- women were left out
13
Q
Jean Paul Marat
A
- the friend of the people news paper
- writes about propaganda and anti church gov.
- publish the royal family mocking the revolutionary flag, led to October day
- killed by Charlotte Corday: I killed one man to save 100,000
14
Q
October days
A
- masculine women marched to Versailles to demand ratification of Declaration of Rights… and lower bread price
- Jean Paul Marat tells everyone Marie said “let them eat cake”
- royal family brought to Paris, Versailles no longer home of the monarchy
15
Q
National Constituent Assembly and its preferred form of gov.
A
- Limited monarchy
- replaced after National Assembly
16
Q
Characteristics and facts about the constitution of 1791
A
- limited monarchy
- National Constituent replaced to Legislative Assembly
- active citizens: male, can vote, own certain property, 50,000 out of 25 mill.
- passive: didn’t have right to vote
17
Q
Declaration of the rights of women
A
Olympe de Gouges:
- wanted gender equality
- equality in marriage, education, own property, recognized as citizens
- brought to Marie
18
Q
Economic reform
A
- Grain trade: deregulation trade
- metric system: encourage growth of domestic trade
- chapelier law: forbide workers and trade union, discourage trade growth and waged
- assignat: back up by revenue made by church land or property; led to inflation
19
Q
Civil constitution of the clergy
A
- religious reform (aimed at corrupt church)
- French church under state control
- bishops from 135-83 departments
- clergy was elected by the people
- salary paid by gov.
- jurying clergy took oath to support⬆️
- refractory clergy did not
20
Q
Roman Catholic Church’s view of the Revolution
A
- pope Pius VI
- against the revolution
21
Q
Émigrés
A
- Groups who fled the country (16,000 to England, Austria, Netherlands)
- started the French Plague: Revolution was a disease that threatened European society and Europe should prevent it from spreading
22
Q
Characteristics and facts about the Jacobins
A
- political groups within a club competing for power
- Girondists: emerged as leader, order émigrés to return to France, order refractory clergy to take oath
- Montagnards “mountains” republican, extremist, hated Louis XVI
23
Q
Sans Culottes and goals and methods
A
“Paris commune”
- without leggings (represent not aristocrats)
- working class people
- wanted end of food storage, wanted social equality, small property owner to share equality, the ppl. to vote for gov.
- Storming of Tileries: Aug. 10, 1792; rumors Marie was sending secret message to Austria
- wanted to eliminate any counter revolutionaries
24
September massacre
- excused prisoners of counter revolutionaries executed
- 1,200 executed
- discredit French Revolution
25
Challenges facing the French Revolutionaries
- monarchy: could monarchy be trusted?
- counter revolutionaries: refractory clergy, royalist peasants, émigrés
- religious division
- economic crisis: assignat backfired
- war: war on Austria and eventually all of Europe
- political division: jacobins, Montagnards, Girondist
26
Declaration of Pillnitz
- Austria and Prussia's Leopold II and Frederick William III
- if royal family is harmed Austria and Prussia will ally military
- revolution changed from original path
27
National convention and its actions
- declared France as a republic
- put Louis on trial as citizen Capet; found guilty and executed
- declared war on practically all of Europe
28
Countries at war with France
1st coalition:
- Austria
- Prussia
- holland
- Sardinia
- Spain
- Great Britain
29
Edmund Burkes view on the revolution
Reflections on the revolution in France:
- France rund by amateur that ignored historical reality
- revolution will end in military despotism
30
The partition of Poland
- eastern countries feared Poland was favoring revolution
- partition: Prussia, Austria, Russia
- Polish Patriots: issued new constitution FOR elective monarchy
- Frederick William II made agreement with Catherine the Great of Russia
31
Levee en masse
Lazard Carnot:
- Aug. 23
- military issue entire population to help for war
- over 1 million troops, largest army in European history
32
French Republic attempted to achieve and values and important of Republic of Virtue
```
Attempt:
-repression of women
-revolutionary tribunal
-dechristianization
Values:
-community over individual
-terror is a necessary evil
-not republican enough got stamped out
-based on Rousseau's social contract
```
33
Committee of Public of Safety and its purpose
- 12 member exclusive power carried out exclusive duties of gov.
- devout republic
- worked with sans-coulette
- to eliminate threats (Girondists) within Assembly
- becoming a dictational power
34
Reign of terror
- Sept. 1793- Aug. 1794
- radical revolutionary period the national convention sought to defend revolution
- decreed of fraternity
- led by jacobins
35
Law of 22 Prairial
- the great terror
- from Robespierre
- ppl. could be charged for something they didn't do with no evidence or trial
- number of ppl. executed doubled per day
36
Robespierre
"Incorruptible"
- Mastermind of reign of terror
- executed Jacques Danton
- cult of supreme beings: created new religion; burned old image of Christianity, brought new symbol of deism
- too consumed by power
37
Result of Thermidorian reaction
- revival of catholic worship
- traditional roles for women
- Girondists returned
- diminished committee of public safety
38
Band of Jesus and the white terror
White terror:
| -execution of former terrorist and jacobins
39
Women's rights before and after revolution
Possibly less rights then before the revolution
40
Napoleon Bonaparte
- military genus from Corsica
- artillery expert
- allied with jacobins
- 1st major victory: Victory of Toulon
- consul for life
- emperor of France
41
Coup of 18 Brumaire
- Abbé Sieyes wanted to dismiss the directory; replace to the Consulate
- Napoleon escaped Egypt to help Abbé, becomes 1st consul (supreme authority)
- replace constitution with Constitution of Year VIII
42
Treaty of campo formio
❓
43
Battle at abukir
- Great Britain and Austria was in France's way
- target allies of Austria; Belgium and N. Italy
- attacked Egypt; effecting Britain's trade with Ottoman Empire
- British leader Horatio Nelson defeat France
44
Napoleons attempt to suppress foreign and domestic opposition
Foreign:
-treaty of Luneville (1801) pulls Austria out of war
-treaty of Ameins (1802) truce with Great Britain
-end of 2nd coalition: Austria, Ottoman Empire, Britain, Russia,
Domestic:
-granted general pardon (spared of guilty wrong doing)
-employed all political groups
-executed Duke of Enghien: bourbon; end royalist plot
45
Concordat of 1801, facts, purpose, result
- peace with Catholic Church and gov.
- refractory and jurying clergy to resign; replace with new clergy
- France officially Catholicism
- 1st attempt to re-christianize France
46
Napoleonic Code
"Civic code of 1804"
- unify all French law
- abolished feudal rights and privilege
- protect property rights
- reaffirmed male supremacy
- abolished primogeniture (wealth go to older son)
- no workers union
- reaffirmed merit privilege
47
Napoleon's becoming emperor of France
1804, coronation as emperor
48
Battle of Trafalgar
❓
- Oct. 1805
- British victory under lord Nelson who'll die in the battle
- secured the seas
49
Prime minister of Britain during the French Revolution
William Pitt
50
Napoleons victories
1. Battle of Ulm
-Oct. 1805; against Prussia; occupied many Austrian territories
2. Battle of Austerlitz
-Decided. 1805; against Austria and Russia; Italy becomes a kingdom of France
3. Battle of Jena
-Oct. 1806; against Prussia;
Berlin Decreed: forbid Austria and Prussia to trade with Britain
51
Confederation of the Rhines
1806, Holy Roman Empire dissolved
52
Greatly of Tilsit
- from battle of Friedland; France with 70,000 troops, Russia with 120,000
- occupied eastern Prussia losing 1/2 of its territory; forced to become an open ally
- Russia's Tzar Alexander I secret ally with France
53
Continental system
"Milan Decree"
- economic trade blockade against Britain
- hurt allies more than Britain, created resentment from European countries towards France
- eventually leading to smuggling
54
100 day
- after being exile to Elba, the applaud from soldiers encouraged him to return to France
- June 18,1815
- Battle of Waterloo, went against Blucher and Duke of Wellington (Britain and Prussia)
- 48,000 French casualty
- exile to st. Helena eventually leading to his death (51)
55
Napoleon wives
- Josephine
- Marie Louis (18); after Austria lost to France in battle of Wagram, Francis I; Austrian emperor forced to give his daughters hand in marriage to Napoleon
56
Napoleon and his family as rulers
❓
57
Napoleon's brothers rule in the kingdom of Westphalia
❓
58
Prussia's response
-German nationalism
Reform:
-administrative: Prussia as constitutional monarchy
-social: abolish feudalism and serfdom
-military: increase quality and quantity of army; training of rotation of 42,000 troops; 270,000 troops available
59
Napoleons peninsular campaign
Spain's response:
- Napoleon takes grand army to Spain to stop the muffling of goods to Portugal
- 1808; declare his brother as king of Spain
- Guerrilla warfare: Spanish peasants pester napoleons troops
- sir Authur Wellesley aka Duke of Wellington, lead British and prussias troops draining France resources
60
Facts about Napoleons Russia campaign
- Russia withdraw from. Continental system
- Grande Armée: 600,000 troops to Russia
- Scorched Earth: Russia burns ALL of its supply
- Battle of Borodino: Napoleon victory but lost 30,000 troops
- Moscow: Russia sets Moscow on fire; Napoleon is viewed badly in France; abandons troops to win the people back; -100,000 survivors
61
Battle of Nations
- Oct. 1813
- european victory
- treaty of Fontainebleau: forced Napoleon to step down as emperor; exile to Elba
62
Congress of Vienna
-sept. 1814-nov. 1815
-restored old traditions, restored Bourbon
Quadruple alliance: Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia
-established enlightenment monarchy (bourbon)
-fair territorial adjustment
-strong buffer states around France
-treaty of Chaumont
63
Characteristics and facts of romantic movement
- Late 18th century reaction to the thoughts of the enlightenment in response to the events of the French Revolution and age of Napoleon
- sought to revive Christianity; Restore art, architecture, literature; ideas of reason and feeling to better understand the world
64
Art, architecture of the romantics
Studied scenes from middle ages, respect for social and religious traditions
65
Jean Jacque Rousseau
Emile (1762)
- happy and healthy life outside of civilization and happiness should not be dictated by ideas of society
- different roles between children and adults
- separates sphere for men and women: women should not participate in the government
66
Immanuel Kant
Critique of pure reason (1781)
Critique of practical reason (1788)
-except rationalism of enlightenment and allowing room for belief of immortality and God
-phenomenal (experiences) vs. Noumental (mind activity)
-categorical imperative "universal command" all people are born with ethical or moral consequence
67
English romantic literature
1. Samuel Coleridge
2. William Wordsworth
3. Lord Byron
1. -imagination is God doing his work
- The rhime of the ancient mariner: focused on issues of guilt, punishment and salvation
2. -lyrical ballads: nontraditional neoclassical poetry
- Ode on imitations of immortality (1804) fear of own poetic imagination on his worship of nature; believed strongly on reality of preexistence
3. -embodiment of liberalism
- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: illustrate illusion people were experiencing falling revolutionary period and Napoleonic war
- Don Juan
68
German romantic literature
1. Ludwig Tieck
2. Friedrich Schlegel
3. Johann Von Goethe
1. -William Lovell (1793): imagination (William) vs. material world
2. -Lucinde (1799): Woman should be equal to men
3. -the sorrow of the young werther (1774): emphasis on feelings any motion as a man fall for a married woman
- Faust (1808,1832): Faust sells his soul for superior knowledge to the devil but in the end, he spends his life to better mankind which releases him from the devil
69
Romantic art artists
1. John Constable
2. Caspar David Friedrich
3. Joseph William Turner
1. -Salisbury cathedral in the meadow (1831)
- the hay wain (1821)
2. -met him mysterious and unpredictable side of nature
- sublime: feelings of doubt of our existence
- the polar sea (1824)
- wonderer above the sea of fog (1818)
- men & women contemplating the moon (1833)
3. -rain, steam, speed (1844)
- the fighting temeraire (1839)
70
Romantic/Neo-gothic architecture characteristics and monuments
- built to represent architecture of middle age
- British Houses of Parliament
- Neuschwanstein castle
71
Methodism
- started in England in response to deism and rationalism in the Church of England
- lead by John Wesley
72
The genius of Christianity
Viscount Francois Rene:
- the bible of romanticism
- emotion of teaching from the heart of Christian
- defense of catholic faith attacking religious policy of French Revolution
73
Johann herders contributions to romanticism and German culture
❓
74
Hegel, views, ideas and contribution to the study of history
Cycle:
- thesis (ideas)
- antithesis (challenge thesis)
- synthesis (new thesis)
- equal value because it accomplish later achievements
- the phenomenology of mind (1806)
- lecture on the philosophy of history (1822-31)
75
Different names of the estates General
- Estates general
- National Assembly
- national constituents
- legislative assembly
- National convention
- directory
- committee of public safety
- the consulate
