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APES > Unit 5 (diseases) and Unit 6 (water) Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 5 (diseases) and Unit 6 (water) Vocab Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

lifestyle choices

A

things you do everyday like driving or smoking

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2
Q

risk

A

probability of harmful effects to human health

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3
Q

biological hazards

A

pathogens that are living organisms and viruses that can cause human disease

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4
Q

chemical hazards

A

chemicals in the air, soil, and water we ingest

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5
Q

cultural hazards

A

natural events like fires and earthquakes

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6
Q

lifestyle hazards

A

human choices that pose health concern

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7
Q

risk assessment

A

probability of adverse human health effects resulting from exposure to a specific hazard

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8
Q

4 steps to risk assessment

A

hazard identification; dose-response assessment; exposure assessment; risk characterization

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9
Q

risk management

A

cost analysis of remediating the specific hazard and possibly establish legal limits for discharge, exposure, and allowable levels of the hazard.

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10
Q

non-transmissible disease

A

cannot be spread from person to person

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11
Q

infectious disease

A

spread from person to person; contagious

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12
Q

epidemic

A

outbreak of disease special to an area or region

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13
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak of disease globally

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14
Q

Influenza

A

most deadly infectious disease known as flu; respiratory illness caused by virus

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15
Q

types of flu

A

H5N1: Avian flu from birds, carried in their intestines
H1N1: Swine flu from livestock

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16
Q

HIV

A

Human Immune Deficiency Virus; develops AIDS; the body attacks itself

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17
Q

malaria

A

mosquito borne illness spread by protozoan parasite

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18
Q

diarrheal diseases

A

stems from unclean drinking water; cholera and dysentery

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19
Q

tuberculosis

A

bacterial disease found in crowded developing countries; respiratory disease

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20
Q

measles

A

extremely contagious respiratory disease

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21
Q

SARS

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; spread like hepatitis, through air

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22
Q

West Nile Virus

A

mosquito and wild bird populations in contact with human body fluids

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23
Q

toxicology

A

study of detrimental effects chemicals have on humans and wildlife

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24
Q

persistence

A

chemicals that last a long period of time because not easily degradable

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25
solubility
chemicals that are fat soluble that accumulate in tissues
26
biomagnification
passing down of compounds from one organism to another
27
dose
to define a harmful level of a toxic chemical or compound
28
dose-response curve
organisms response to toxic dose
29
response
any negative health effect elicited from that material
30
acute effect
immediate response to exposure
31
chronic effect
single dose or long term exposure
32
median lethal dosage
LD50, the dose that would be required to be lethal to 50% of the test population
33
non-threshold response
response starts at zero and continuously increases
34
threshold dose-response
a model that shows harmful effects do not occur until after the dose exceeds a threshold level
35
Toxic chemicals
short term of permanent damage to humans or animals
36
carcinogen
promote cancer cells to grow
37
mutagen
promotes mutations or changes in DNA
38
teratogens
cause birth defects
39
neurotoxins
damage brain, nerves, or spinal cord
40
endocrine system
produces hormones
41
hormonally active agents
HAA endocrine disrupters because they mimic estrogen or block androgens from binding to cells
42
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
FIFRA: gives EPA the authority to regulate the sale, packaging, distribution, and disposal of pesticides
43
Feder Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act
Allows EPA to set tolerance levels for pesticide residue on food
44
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
Outlines more requirements for assessing tolerance levels for pesticides
45
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Requires federal, state, and local governments to improve public knowledge and access to information about toxins
46
groundwater
water found in porous spaces below the surface
47
zone of aeration
the first few layers where more air is trapped than water
48
zone of saturation
deeper subsurface layers that fill all porous space with water
49
water table
the upper limit of the saturation zone
50
aquifers
deep underground layers of porous rock material, gravel, sand, silt, or clay where groundwater flows
51
natural recharge
though percolation of precipitation through soil and rock layers
52
lateral recharge
movement of water from rivers and streams
53
surface runoff
precipitation and snowmelt that does not infiltrate into soil
54
watershed
land surrounding bodies of water that contribute to surface runoff
55
droughts
long periods of time when regions receive 30% or less of their average annual precipitation
56
floodplains
flat land areas that are periodically flooded with nutrient rich silt from nearby rivers and streams
57
reservoir
a holding place for water above ground
58
land subsidence
when the reservoirs collapse
59
sinkhole
created from land subsidence
60
Ogallala Aquifer
provides one third of irrigation water to the US
61
hydroelectric power
fast flowing rivers are dammed to create freshwater reservoirs and provide power
62
Colorado River Basin
know this
63
Three gorges dam
largest dam in the world, in china
64
Aral sea
the russian sea that dried up
65
California Water Transfer Project
water from northern California to the dry southern California
66
China's Water Transfer Project
water from the Yangtze River to China's highly populated northern provinces
67
flood irrigation
pump large volumes of water onto land as it soaks the ground
68
drip irrigation
small drops of water through tubes directly to roots
69
center pivot
frames on metal wheels that travel some radius around field
70
low-pressure sprinklers
pipes deliver water directly to crops
71
LEPA sprinkler
Low Energy Precision Application: center pivot that increases efficiency by 95%
72
grey water systems
collection of water from showers, bathtubs, dishwashers, and washers to be recycled
73
desalination
removes dissolved salts from ocean water or brackish seas/lakes
74
reverse osmosis
external pressure pushes saline water though membranes that separate salt from water
75
distillation
heating saltwater until evaporation begins, steam is collected and turned to water again
76
fecal coliform
E. coli that lives in animals and human intestines
77
oxygen sag curve
occurs in flowing streams as bacteria breakdown degradable wastes and depletes the dissolved oxygen
78
eutrophication
natural nutrient enrichment in lakes
79
cultural eutrophication
when humans input unnatural nutrients
80
Great Lakes Water Pollution
endured eutrophication issues when sewage became an issue
81
Lake Washington
rapid eutrophication from development as treated wastewater entered the lake
82
Temperature
impacts solubility of oxygen
83
River/Stream Flow Velocity
velocity impacts the ability for oxygen to diffuse in water
84
Turbidity
the measure of cloudiness of the water
85
pH
measure the hydrogen ion concentration to determine acidity.
86
Dissolved Oxygen
amount of oxygen gas in the water
87
Nitrates/Nitrites and Phophates
nitrogen containing compounds and phospates
88
hardness
amount of magnesium and calcium in water
89
fecal coliform
determines the possibility of fecal contamination from sewage
90
biological assessment
monitory organisms to track their health in changing environments
91
Benthic Macro-invertebrates
aquatic insects, insect larvae, and crustaceans
92
fish species
used as biological indicators
93
arsenic
water is polluted of arsenic from rock and soil
94
nitrate ions
groundwater is polluted with this from fertilizers
95
MTBE
gasoline additive
96
hypoxia
concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
97
VOCs
Volatile organic compounds kills larval forms of ocean organisms
98
Exxon Valdez
oil spill in 1989 in Alaskas Prince William Sound
99
Primary sewage treatment
physical process that uses screens and grit tanks
100
secondary sewage treatment
biological process when aerobic bacteria removes oxygen demanding waste
101
advanced or tertiary sewage treatment
physical and chemical process to remove specific pollutants
102
septic tanks
large buried collection tanks for waste
103
Clean Water Act
regulates point source pollution from municipal facilities
104
Water Quality Act
encourages the separation of storm water and sewer water lines
105
US Safe Drinking Water Act
EPA to set standards of maximum containment levels for water pollutants
106
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002
assess community water systems infrastructure for any possible terrorist attack

APES (5 decks)

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