Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Government and Politics > Unit 5: Linkage Institutions > Flashcards

Unit 5: Linkage Institutions Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Linkage Institutions

A

What connects the people and constituents to the government
- interest groups, media, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Electorate

A

From the constituents, those who can vote
- people over 18 who are registered to vote

Constituents who can vote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

17th Amendment

A

People directly vote for the senators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Suffrage Amendments

A

Right to vote being expanded
- 15th: basis of race
- 17th: we vote Senators
- 19th: Bases of Sex
- 23rd: Right to DC
- 24th: Eliminating poll tax
- 26th: basis of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Literacy Tests

A

Tests of literacy to vote in order to prevent black people with no education from voting
- Jim Crow Laws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Poll Tax

A

Paying to vote to prevent black people living in lower income areas from voting
- Jim Crow Laws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Grandfather Clause

A

Required that for an individual to automatically vote, grandparents had to have voted which discriminated against former slaves
- Jim Crow Laws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

White Primaries

A

Primary elections where white only
- mattered because they chose the party head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Smith v Allwright (1944)

A

Texas said white only primaries despite it being the main one that mattered
- white primaries were banned (15th amend)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A

Especially for Southern states and Jim Crow laws; eliminated and prevented those
- things like literacy tests, grandfather clause, voter intimidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

24th Amendment

A

Eliminated poll tax for voters as it prevented lower class from voting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Voter Turnout

A

How many people show up to vote
- more educated one is, the more likely they’ll vote
- same with older
- same with more income
- Women have slightly more likely voting turnout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Political Efficacy

A

How much one thinks their individual vote matters - you want higher percentages of this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Factors that increase Voting

A
  • easier to vote and register
    • such as no photo ID or poll tax, etc
  • no barriers such as when to register
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Voting Blocs

A

who votes - groups of people

more likely to if
- more education, more income, older, race, and gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rational-Choice Voting

A

Weighing pros and cons for what will benefit YOU most

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Retrospective Voting

A

Looking at track record of the candidate
- what have they accomplished
- possible indicator of future actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prospective Voting

A

What are you promising and saying you are going to do in the future
- visions and policy change
can lead to retrospective in re-election

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Party Identification/Straight Ticket

A

Most real life present
- best predictor of how someone votes
everyone in their party on the ballot is who they vote for

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Motor Voter Law - 1993

A

To try and increase voter turnout
- make it easier to register and convenient
- required EVERY public building to have paper applications
- renewal of drivers license had check to say voting
- only impacted registration, not really turnout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Voter ID Laws

A

Some states required ID
- could lead to discrimination

to require one to show ID or license
- barrier cause some don’t have license

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 Party System

A

Republicans vs Democrats
- established for compromise but instead is main source of tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Party Platform

A

Where a party pushes their agendas and speaks on stances and issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Party Conventions

A

Summer before presidential elections where a party decides what main agendas/issues to push

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Realignment
The switching of parties on a massive scale - ex. south switching from mainly democrat to mainly republican
26
Dealignment
Moving from either party to independent - refusing to be aligned with a party - growing and upcoming movement
27
Divided Government
When the government can't unify on issues
28
Hard Money vs Soft Money
Hard Money: - money given directly to candidates and the campaigns, contributions are direct - limitations and restrictions Soft Money: - Money meant to affect elections indirectly - used outside of candidate/campaign - can be unrestricted or unlimited
29
Political Action Committees (PACs)
An organization that collects money to influence elections and organize it
30
Issue Ads
Ads to influence public opinions by speaking on issues instead of candidates
31
Independent Expenditures
- independent from campaign and candidate - spend money - think if Elon Musk spent personal money - no affiliation
32
Super PACs
Separate from campaigns and stuff so no limits - not bound by laws of campaign finance - donations can be anonymous - can't see who donates Dark Money
33
Dark Money
Super PAC's - anonymous donations not bound by finance laws
34
Minor (Third) Parties
No chance of substantial win because of the bipartisan system - more local, the more likely third parties can win
35
Single-Member Districts
Whoever wins majority of the district vote gets the seat - nothing for second place
36
Winner-Take-All System
Whoever gets majority wins it all
37
Swing States
States that have little voting pattern and can swing either party
38
Ballot Measures Recall, Initiative, Referendum
If constituents want to trigger a law (such as with a petition) - initiative Gvt gets a law started and we have the final say (such as marijuana laws) - referendum Giving voters power of impeachment/removal -recall
39
Open Primary
Anybody can walk in and cast a ballot for anyone regardless of party
40
Closed Primary
Screws independents - only cast ballots for identified party
41
Caucus
Method to get people to vote group of people who meat and discuss for a couple hours then cast ballots
42
Front-Loading
In primary season - states try to be some of the first to vote and be viewed as more important and effective
43
Electoral College
Middle man for elections and people - winner take all system in states
44
Midterm Elections
Every even year except for president election years to elect Congressmen
45
Incumbency
Won once, they'll keep winning till they drop out of elections
46
Coattail Effect
Unknown congressmen riding someone else's popularity to gain recognition
47
FECA 1971
Federal Elections Campaign Act - limits money contributions - limits spending on campaigns - create FEC - require documentation and accounting
48
FEC
Federal Election Commission Police force for regulation money in elections can't be fired by president
49
Buckley v Valeo 1976
Handful of members in Congress suing FEC - trampling on freedom of speech through money - court said that limiting going in is okay, but limiting spending isn't
50
BCRA
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 Ban soft money - limit money given to PACs and parties Viewers need to know origin (organization) of ad - limit time of ads - when and how long ad is shown
51
Pluralism
Factions
52
Lobbying
Persuade people in Congress Various strategies to influence policy and change something
53
Interest Groups
A group of people that share common or similar beliefs - influence policy and gvt - factions - Effectiveness (# of people, $$$, Competitors, allies)
54
Issue Networks
Issues of groups relating and uniting - allies to add to influence
55
Insider vs Outsider Strategies
Insider: meet with Congressmen for favors and information Outsiders: spread information out to the public - grass roots to put pressure on Congress
56
Lobbyists
Hired professionals meet directly with lawmakers - use connections they've made - stuff for influence like $$$ or arguments
57
Grassroots Lobbying
Each citizen is a blade of grass, together they can push issues in numbers - things like protests or sending mass emails or petitions
58
Litigation
File lawsuit Amicus briefs - legal docs filed in Appellate courts with a strong interest in matters
59
Bundling
Collecting money for a large donation - 5000 names 10,000 dollars to to have names (2000 each) - bundle resources
60
Revolving Door
Never ending cycle of iron triangle eg Congress,em can become lobbyists and use focuses to move job to job
61
Political Reporting vs Commentary
Reporting - older, unbiased facts Commentary - modern with opinions
62
Horse Race Journalism
Score keeper - always tell us what's going on through polling Horserace: who's winning mentality can effect bandwagon and who we vote for
63
Gatekeeper
Control flow in or out of information someone made the choice to what to tell you - issue framing agenda setting
64
Watchdog
Protects us from gvt and corruption - stuff like the watergate scandal or Cambodia reporting were given by media to expose the gvt - protected by 1st Amendment
65
Agenda Setting
Media sets what top stories will be told
66
Issue Framing
How media tells a story and how they present it and the headline

AP Government and Politics (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions