Unit 5 - Opioid & Non-opioid Analgesics

Question 1

____________ is the first step in the pain process, and it’s the process by which a painful stimulus is converted into an electrical signal that can be carried to the central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 1

Transduction

Question 2

___________ is the process by which pain signals are sent from the body to the brain

Answer 2

transmission

Question 3

__________ is when the pain signal is modified (inhibited or augmented) as it advances towards the cerebral cortex

Answer 3

Modulation

Question 4

________ is when the pain signal is processed & percieved in the cerebral cortex and limbic system

Answer 4

Perception

Question 5

Opioid receptor stimulation _________ neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons

Answer 5

reduces

Question 6

What 3 locations contain opioid receptors

Answer 6

Brain
spinal cord
peripheral

Question 7

What are the 4 types of opioid receptors

Answer 7

Mu
Delta
Kappa
ORL1

Question 8

The key effects of ____ receptor stimulation include:

analgesia
bradycardia
resp. depression
euphoria
physical dependence
constipation

Answer 8

Mu

Question 9

(t/f): The existence of Mu receptor subtypes has yet to be proven

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Stimulation of _____ receptors helps stop shivering, but can cause:

dysphoria
delirium
hallucinations

Answer 10

Kappa

Question 11

Opioids shift the CO2 response curve to the ______

Answer 11

right

Question 12

Opioids cause N/V by stimulation of the ___________ & possibly the ___________

Answer 12

Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)

Vestibular apparatus

Question 13

(T/F): Opioids can cause bradycardia but have a minimal effect on BP in healthy adults

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Opioids cause a contraction of what sphincter?

Answer 14

Sphincter of oddi

Question 15

What 2 drugs can reverse opioid induced sphincter of oddi contraction?

Answer 15

Glucagon

Naloxone

Question 16

What opioids release histamine?

Answer 16

Codeine

Morphine

Meperidine

Question 17

(T/F): opioids may be implicated in cancer reocurrence

Answer 17

True

Question 18

________ is the standard by which all other opioids are compared

Answer 18

morphine

Question 19

Order the opioids from most to least potent

Answer 19

Sufenta

Fentanyl/Remifenta

Alfenta

Hydromorphone

Morphine

Meperidine

Question 20

________ occurs when a person will go through withdrawal upon d/c’ing the drug

Answer 20

Dependence

Question 21

_______ occurs when a pt requires higher doses of a drug

Answer 21

Tolerance

Question 22

__________ is a disease, and is when a person cannot stop taking a drug despite negative effects/consequences

Answer 22

Addiction

Question 23

What 2 side effects of opioids can a person not develop tolerance to?

Answer 23

Mioisis

Constipation

Question 24

What are early s/s of opioid withdrawal

Answer 24

diaphoresis

restlessness

insomnia

Question 25

What are late s/s of opioid withdrawal

Answer 25

N/V Abd cramping

Question 26

With the exception of ________, all opioids undergo _________ biotransformation

Answer 26

Remi Hepatic

Question 27

What opioids produce acitive metabolites?

Answer 27

Morphine Hydromorphone Meperidine

Question 28

What 2 metabolites does morphine produce?

Answer 28

Morphine-3-glucuronide Morphine-6-glucuronide

Question 29

What metabolite does meperidine produce?

Answer 29

normeperidine

Question 30

Which opioids require a dose adjustment w/ renal or hepatic disfunction?

Answer 30

Morphine Hydromorphone Meperidine