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Physiology > Unit 5 Respiration > Flashcards

Unit 5 Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functions of respiration

A
  • gas exchange
  • control of pH
  • olfactory receptors
  • filtration of air
  • regulation of heat + H20
  • Sound production
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2
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

02 + glucose -> co2 and energy

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3
Q

diffusion

A
  • high to low concentration
  • passive
  • sufficient for organism
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4
Q

Graham’s Law

A

diffusion rate is inversly porportional to the square root of Molecular weight
-o2 and co2 diffuse at similar rates

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5
Q

Fick’s Law

A

rate of diffusion = change in P * A * D / change in X

p= gas gradient, partial pressure between two compartments

a= surface area for gas exchange

D= diffusion coefficient (depends on the MW and permeability of the barrier

change in X = the distance the gas must travel

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6
Q

Gas Laws

A

PV= nRK

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7
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

A
  • the partial pressure of a substance in independent of the gases around it
  • total pressure = sum of all the partial pressures
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8
Q

Bunsen Solubility coeffieceint

A
  • varies with gas, temperature, and liquid

- O2 solubility decreased with increasing temp and ionic strength

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9
Q

Air

A
  • gases are more soluble
  • energy must be expended on ventilation
  • in and out ventilation
  • ventilation is keyed to CO2
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10
Q

H20

A
  • gases are less soluable
  • CO2 is more soluable than O2
  • CO2 diffusion is more effective than O2
  • Easy CO2 diffusion
  • Flow through ventilation
  • Ventilation is keyed to O2
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11
Q

H20 vs Air (O2 solubility, density, viscosity, heat capacity)

A

O2 1/30 in h20 : 1 Air
density 800 H20 : 1 Air
Viscosity 50 H20 : 1 Air
Heat Capacity 3000: 1 Air

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12
Q

Nature of the respiratory epithelial

A
  • large SA an small distance

- lung SA = 50 -100 m2 , Body SA = 2 m2

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13
Q

4 Steps of Gas transfer

A
  1. Ventilation/ Breathing movement
  2. Diffusion of gases across the respiratory epithelium
  3. Bulk transfer/ transport of gases in the blood
  4. Diffusion of gases between blood and cells
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14
Q

Henry’s Law

A

quantity of dissolved gas (Q)=alpha * P
alpha= solubility coefficient
P= partial pressure

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15
Q

Respiratory Pigments

A
  • enhances bloods capability to carry 02
  • vertebrates = hemoglobin and myoglobin
  • other respiratory pigments = hemocyanin, hemerythrin, chlrocurin
  • antarctic fish lack respiratory pigments - instead they increase blood volume and cardiac output
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16
Q

P50

A

pO2 when Hb is 50% saturated - high P50 = low O2 affinity

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17
Q

Bohr effect

A
  • reduced O2 affinity resuting from decrease pH and/or increased CO2
  • Bohr coefficient change in log P50/ change in pH
  • tissues - increased CO2= right shift = more O2 unloaded
  • lungs - increased CO2 = left shift = increase CO2 loading
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18
Q

temperature effect on Oxygen and CO2 levels

A
  • increased temp= right shift = more O2 unloaded

- ectotherms = increased temp = increased metabolic rate but decreased O2 loading and solubility

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19
Q

Organic Phosphates

A

increased organoposphates = right shift
decreased organophosphates = left shift
mammals = 2,3 diphosphoglycerates (DPG) increases with decreased O2

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20
Q

Developmental hemoglobin

A

-fetal hemoglobin has a left shift - higher O2 affinity

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21
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Affects the beta-chain of human hemoglobin and causes bemoglobin polymer formation (distorts erythrocytes)

22
Q

Three forms of Carbon Dioxide transport in the Blood

A
  1. physical transport - molecular CO2
  2. Carbamino CO2: protien-NH2 + CO2 into H+ + protein-NCOO-
    only beta-globin chains in fish and amphibians have terminal -NH2 avialable
  3. HCO- ions
23
Q

Transfer of Gases at tissues

A

CO2 enters / leaves blood as molecular CO2
carbonic anhydrase: Catalyzes CO2 conversion to HCO3- within blood cells
chloride shift; RBC permeable to HCO3- and Cl- via Band III protien

24
Q

Lamprey and hagfish transfer of gases in tissues

A

lack band III: CO2 transport primarily as HCO3- in rbc

25
Q

Transfer of gases at tissues

A

Haldane effect: deoxy-Hb has a higher affinity for H+
than oxy-Hb
i. Deoxygenated blood has a higher CO2 content (at a given PCO2) than
oxygenated blood
ii. Oxygenation of Hb releases H+ (lowers pH of cell interior in lungs to
balance CO2 decrease )
iii. Deoxygenation of Hb bin

26
Q

Cutaneous blood vessels

A

absorb O2 by diffusion across the skin

Max arterial p O2

27
Q

Problems with Cutaneous Respiration

A
  • limited SA - limits size and metabolism

- vulnerable to abrasion and dessicaiton

28
Q

lung development

A

-develops as the diverticula of the gur

29
Q

lung complexity and oxygen uptake

A

-complexity varies from amphibians- reptiles-mammals - Critical factor is the surface area

Oxygen uptake is highter per unit body weight in small mammals and children

30
Q

Respiratory and non-respiratory regions

A

trachea, bronchus and bronchiole, alveolus, alveolar sac

31
Q

Mammalian Model of gas exchange

A

ciculated, pool-type gas exchange mechanism

PaO2

32
Q

Lung anatomy: Birds

A

small compact lung with thin-walled air sacs, Lung volume ~50% of mammalian; respiratory vol. 3X mammalian

  • small diffusion distance (o.1 um)
  • little change in lung volume
  • unidirectional
  • air sacs are like bellows
  • volume changes by movement of sternum and ribs
  • 2 respiratory cycles
33
Q

Avian Model of Gas exchange

A
  • air flow= posterior to anterior
  • cross current arrangement pa02 > peO2
  • high altitude tolerance
34
Q

Lung anatomy: Reptiles

A
  • thoracic cage: ribs, no diaphragm
  • passive exhalation
  • turtles/ tortoises: ribs fused to rigid shell- Outward movement of limbs, ventral shell
35
Q

Lung Anatomy: Frogs

A

Air through the nares into the buccal cavity through the glottis to the lungs

-raising and lowering the buccal floor: multiple inhalations possible, incomplete exhalations (reduce CO2 oscillations?)

36
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • divided systems: equal cardiac output, lowwer pressure in pulmonary than systemic
  • control mechanisms: local decrease in PO2 or pH causes vasoconstriction, only minor response to neural control or drugs
37
Q

Pulmonary Circulation Distribution

A

flow rate parameters: Pa (arteriol), Pv (venous), PA (alveolar)
-variation in vertical lung

38
Q

Breathing Jargon

A

look at these terms

39
Q

Human Pulmonary Values

A

Anatomical dead space ~150 ml
Tidal volume (VolT): ~500 ml (10% lung vol)
Alveolar ventilation volume (VolA)~350 ml
Residual volume ~2000 ml
Breathing rate (BR) 10-15 X/min

40
Q

Sufactans

A

mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians
-surfactans can be lipoprotein complexes, lower surface tension, reduced breathing effort, prevent alveolar collapse, reduce breathing effort, prevent alveolar collapse

41
Q

head and water loss in the lungs

A

inspired air- warmed and humidified in lungs

  • nasal passages control heat and water loss
  • water condenses in nose during exhalation
42
Q

Poikilotherms and head +water loss

A

-less O2 required, less ventilation, less water and heat loss

43
Q

Gills

A

evagination- intenal or extenal- extensive folding

high ventilation rate in comparison with air

44
Q

Gills- flow of Air

A
  • bills between buccal and opercular chambers
  • buccal and opercular pumps
  • unidirectional and nearly continuous water flow
  • ram ventilation
45
Q

Gill anatomy for Teleosts

A
  • 4 gill arches/side
  • 2 rows of filaments/arch
  • many lamellae/ filament
  • covered by mucous layer
46
Q

gill anatomy- lamellae

A
  • sieve
  • highly collagenous
  • respiratory surface
  • blood flow opposite water flow
47
Q

Lamellar structure;

A
  • 2 epithelial sheets
  • pillar cells
  • sheet flow

diffusion barrier
-mucous layer, respiratory epithelium, blood (5 um)

48
Q

Concurrent vs. counter-current exchange

A

review graphs on slides

49
Q

Ventilation to perfusion rations

A

Va (rate of ventilation) / Q (rate of perfusion

50
Q

Neural Regulation of Respiration

A

2 aspects: pattern, rhythm

Physiology (9 decks)

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