unit 5 review anatomy exam Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
what are the two main skeletal regions of the skull?
A
neurocranium (braincase) and viscerocranium (facial skeleton)
2
Q
what is TMJ and where does it occur?
A
termporomandibular juntion syndrome and happens from grinding
3
Q
nasion
A
where frontal and nasal bone meet (under glabella)
4
Q
intermaxillary suture
A
indention above the lip below nose
5
Q
temporal fossa
A
temporalis m
6
Q
pterion
A
where spenoid, temporal, parietal, and frontal bone meet
7
Q
occiput
A
where occipital, temporal, and parietal bone meet
8
Q
hard palate
A
where palatine process (maxillary bone) and palatine bone meet
9
Q
anterior cranial fossa
A
frontal lobe
10
Q
middle cranial fossa
A
temporal lobe
11
Q
posterior cranial fossa
A
cerebellum and occipital lobe
12
Q
five layers of the scalp
A
skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis (epicranial), loose connective tissue, and pericranium (dense connective tissue)
13
Q
scalp proper layers
A
skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis (epicranial)
14
Q
what are the other names for the aponeurosis layer of the scalp?
A
epicranial or galea aponeurosis
15
Q
the aponeurosis layer of the scalp separates what muscle?
A
frontal and occipital belly of occipitofrontalis m
16
Q
true/ false: the pericranium is the dense connective tissue layer of the scalp that forms the external periosteum of the calvaria
A
true
17
Q
nasalis m
A
depresses tip of nose and elevates corners of nostrils
18
Q
orbicularis oris m
A
compresses and purses lips (kiss m)
19
Q
mentalis m
A
protrudes lower lip ad wrinkles chin
20
Q
depressor anguli oris m
A
moves mouth inferiorly and laterally
21
Q
zygomaticus major/minor
A
elevates corner of moutn (smile m)
22
Q
risorius m
A
closed mouth soft smile
23
Q
corogator supercillii m
A
pulls eybrows inferiorly and medially (pulls them together)
24
Q
procerus
A
wrinkles nose
25
what are the four muscles involved in mastication?
masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid mm
26
what are the three superficial mm of the lateral neck, and what are their functions!
-platysma m
-sternocleidomastoid m
-trapezius
-unilateral rotation to the opposite side and bilateral flexion of the neck
27
what mm make up the suprahyoid group?
digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid (don't stop moving and grooving)
28
what mm make up the infrahyoid group?
sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid (stacy only studies thursdays)
29
what nerve innervates the superficial face mm?
facial n (CN VII)
30
what are the three salivary glands? what nerve innervates them?
parotid (glossopharyngeal) submandibular and sublingual (facial)
31
how many permanent teeth do adults have?
32
32
what provides sensory for upper and lower teeth?
superior alveolar n and inferior alveolar n
33
true/ false: the trigeminal n has both sensory and motor functions
true
34
what are the three divisions of the trigeminal n?
opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
35
where does the opthalmic branch enter the orbit?
superior orbital fissure
36
what are the three branches of the opthalmic branch?
frontal, nasociliary, lacrimal
37
what are the two branches of the nasociliary n and what do they innervate?
infratrochlear (eyelid, conjunctiva, and skin of nose) and ethmoids (sinuses)
38
what are the two branches of the frontal n and what do they innervate)
supratrochlear (skin of forehead) and supraorbital (skin of forehead, frontal sinus, conjunctiva)
39
what structure does the lacrimal n innervate?
lacrimal gland
40
what are the nerves that branch from the maxillary division of the trigeminal, and what do they innervate?
infraorbital (cheek, upper lip)-> superior alveolar (upper teeth)
41
what are the nerves that branch from the mandibular division of the trigeminal and what do they innvervate?
buccal (gingiva-gums), lingual (tongue), inferior alveolar (lower teeth) -> mental (chin and lower lip)
42
what division of the trigeminal nerve is mostly sensory, but has some motor function?
mandibular division
43
not including the posterior auricular n, what are the five terminal branches of the facial n?
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical
44
what is bell palsy?
inability to control facial mm and paralysis of facial n
45
what are the four branches of the facial artery?
-superior labial -> lateral nasal -> angular
-inferior labial
46
what arteries branch directly off the external carotid a?
superior thyroid, lingual, facial, maxillary, superficial temporal, poster auricular, occipital
47
from where does the mental artery arise?
inferior alveolar off maxillary
48
what branches off the opthalamic a and supplies the mm of the forehead and skin?
supratrochlear and supraorbital
49
what are the three branches of the thyrocervical trunk?
inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and transerse cervical
50
what main veins drain the face?
facial <-supraorbital, supratrochlear, and inferior labial
51
the prosencephalon is made of what two divisions??
telencephalon and diencephalon
52
what structures make up the diencephalon?
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
53
what are the two divisions of rhombencephalon?
metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla)
54
what are the five lobes of the cerebrum?
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, insula
55
what is the function of each cerebral lobe?
frontal= voluntary, personality, decision making, verbal communication (primary motor cortex)
parietal= general sensory, understanding speech (wernicke's area), evaluate shape
occipital= primary visual cotext (conscious)
temporal= auditory and olfactory (conscious)
insula= emotion, cravings, taste, self awareness (primary gustatory cortex)
*cerebellum is the only subconscious)
56
what is the function of the epithalamus?
pineal gland (melatonin) and sleep wake cycle
57
what is the function of the thalamus?
relays and processes sensory info to cerebrum (except smell)
58
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, emotion, sexual drive, sleep/ wake cycle
59
at are some examples of the hormones released by the pituitary gland?
growth, antidivertic, and thyroid stimulating hormone
60
what is the function of the mesencephalon?
-corpora quadrigemina: superior colliculi (visual) and inferior colliculi (auditory)
-red nucleus: fine motor control- mm tone and posture
-substantia nigra: regulates motor output of cerebral nuclei by making dopamine
-cerebral peduncles: carry info from cerebrum to brainstem
-cerebral aqueduct: connects third to fourth ventricle
61
what is the function of the corpus callosum?
connects cerebral hemispheres
62
what structures make up the metencephalon and what are their functions?
-pons: regulates rate of breathing and regulates sensory info to thalamus/ cerebellum
-cerebellum: receives infro from cerebrum, ear, eye, and spinal fluid and mm memory
63
what is the function of the medulla oblongata?
regulates respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and relays info to thalamus
-olive: asscending sensory info
-pyramid: houses motor projection tracts
64
what are the major components of the limbic system?
cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, and olfactory bulb/ tract
65
what are the three cranial meninges in order from external to internal?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
66
the dura mater has what two layers from external to internal>
periosteal and meningeal layer
67
what is the epidural space?
potential space between the cranial bone and periosteal layer of dura (becomes real with trauma)
68
what is the subdural space?
space below meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid mater (becomes real with blood or fluid accumulation)
69
what is the subarachnoid space?
space between arachnoid mater and pia mater that holds CSF
70
what is an epidural hematoma?
rupture of meningeal a
71
what is a subdural hematoma?
rupture of cerebral v
72
what artery supplies the dura mater?
middle meningeal a
73
what nerve innervates the dura mater?
trigeminal n and branches
74
describe the location/ function of each dural infoldings?
- falx cerebri: separates cerebral hemispheres
-tentitorum cerebelli: separates cerebral (occipital) from cerebellum
-falx cerebelli: between cerebellar hemispheres
-sellar diaphram: covers pituitary gland
75
what layer of dura mater is formed by dural reflections?
meningeal layer of dura mater
76
where does superior sagittal drain?
confluence
77
where does inferior sagittal drain?
straight
78
where does occipital drain?
confluence
79
where does confluence drain?
transverse
80
where does cavernous drain?
petrosals
81
where does straight drain?
confluence
82
what is CSF made by?
choroid plexus
83
where are the choroid plexuses?
ventricles
84
at is the flow of CSF starting in the choroid plexuses in the lateral ventricles?
interventricular foramen -> third -> cerebral aqueduct -> fourth -> apetures -> subarachnoid spaces
85
what is the function of the arachnoid granulations?
allows CSF to flow through dural sinuses
86
what is hydrocephalus?
caused by excess CSF from overproduction, obstruction of flows, and interference with absorption
87
what are the two main arteries that supply the brain?
vertebral and internal carotid
88
what forms the circle of willis?
posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, internal carotid, anterior communicating, anterior cerebral
89
what is the main vein that drains the brain?
middle meningeal v
90
olfactory n (sensory)
smell
91
optic (sensory)
vision
92
oculomotor (motor)
innervate inferior oblique, inferior rectus, superior rectus, medial rectus
93
trochlear (motor)
innervate superior oblique
94
trigeminal (both)
-opthalamic: sensory, pain, temp, touch for upper face
-maxillary: sensory, pain, temp, touch for lower face
-mandibular: sensory, pain, touch, temp for lower face and motor for chewing
95
abducens (motor)
innervate lateral rectus
96
facial (both)
sensory for taste and motor for salivary (sublingual and submandibular) and lacrimal; facial expression mm
97
vestibulocochlear (sensory)
balance and hearing
98
glossopharyngeal (both)
sensory for taste; motor for parotid gland and stylopharyngeus m
99
vagus (both)
sensory for taste; visceral innervation of abdominopelvic and thoracic cavity
100
accessory (motor)
innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid m
101
hypoglossal (motor)
innervate tongue mm expect palatoglossus m
102
what are the two branches of the vestibulocochlear n and what are their functions?
cochlear division- hearing; vestibular division- balance
103
what is the function of the three scalene mm?
elevate ribs and aid in inhalation
104
where does the vertebral artery arise?
subclavian artery
105
what are the three main branches of the external carotid artery?
superior thyroid, facial, lingual, maxillary
106
what are the three main divisions of the maxillary artery and what are their branches?
mandibular (middle meningeal and inferior alveolar), pterygoid (masseteric and buccal), pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine, infraorbital, and descending palatine)
107
what arteries sypply the thyroid gland?
superior and inferior thyroid aa
108
what veins drain the thyroid gland?
inferior thyroid v (coming off brachiocephalic)
109
what does the parathyroid gland produce?
pth (parathyroid hormone)
110
what are the three single cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton?
thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis
111
what are the three paired cartilages of the laryngeal skeleton?
arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
112
three divisions of the laryngeal cavity
- vestibule: superior to vestibular folds
-ventricle: between vestibular and vocal cords
-infraglottic cavity: inferior to vocal cords
113
aryepiglottic folds
house the epiglottis cartilage and arytenoid cartilage
114
vestibular folds
false vocal cords and prevent things from entering the trachea
115
true vocal folds
contain a vocal lig thyroarytenoid m
116
glottis
vocal cords and rima glottidis
117
rima glottidis
space between the two vocal cords
118
what are the extrinsic mm of the larynx and their function?
infrahyoid (depresses) and suprahyoid (elevates)
119
what are the intrinsic mm of the larynx and their function?
lateral (adduct vocal cords) and posterior (abduct vocal cords) cricoarytenoid mm
120
what are the three regions of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laropharynx
121
what are the three external mm of the pharynx and their function?
superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
122
what are the three internal mm of the pharynx and their function?
stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus mm (elevate- shorten and widen- pharynx and larynx during swallowing
123
what is the floor of the nasal cavity?
tongue
124
what is the function of the nasal conchae?
moisten air and provide circulation
125
what are the paranasal sinuses?
fontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, and sphenoidal
126
what five arteries are the main supplier to the walls of the nasal cavity, and from where do they branch?
-greater palatine <-descending palatine
-superior labial <- facial
-spenopalatine <- maxillary
-anterior and posterior ethmoidal<-opthalamic
127
what is the Kiesselbach's area?
anterior part of the nasal cavity where the five arteries anastomose?
128
where is the oral vestibule?
portion of the nose that sticks out and connects to external nare
129
what aa/ nerve supply the upper lip?
superior labial a and infraorbital n
130
what aa/ nerve supply the lower lip?
mental a and mental n
131
what two arches separate the oral cavity from the oropharynx?
palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal
132
where are the palatine tonsils located?
oropharynx
133
what blood vessel supplies the tongue?
lingual a
134
what are the four extrinsic mm of the tongue?
geniglossys, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
135
what nerve provides motor function for the palatoglossal m?
vagus n
136
what are the four intrinsic mm of the tongue?
superior and inferior longitiudinal, transverse, and vertical
137
which mm allows you to stick out and curl your tongue?
intrinsic
138
general vs special senses
-general: internal and external, widely distributed, general sensory, prorpioception
-special: localized and specialized
139
what is the function of sensory receptors?
translate and transform energies
140
what is receptor specificity?
receptor responding to one characteristic stimulus
141
if the sensory receptor filed is larger, what happens to the sensitivity?
increases
142
unencapsulated vs encapsulated sensory receptors?
-unencapsulated: lack specialized associations and terminal ends
-encapsulated: terminal end enclosed in specialized structure
143
unencapsulated sensory receptor types
-free nerve endings: general sensory
-tactile discs: light touch, pressure
-hair receptors: monitor movement of hair at follicle (adapt quickly)
144
encapsulated sensory receptor types
-Meissner's corpuscle: light touch, sensitive areas (eyelids), loq frequency
-Ruffini corpuscle: deeper pressure (subcutaneous tissue, dermis, genitalia, breasts, joints)
-Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle: heavy pressure, high frequency (dermis, joints, and sensitive areas)
145
what is the difference between tonic and phasic receptors?
tonic don't turn off and phasic will adapt
146
where are the taste buds located in the tongue?
lingual pappilae
147
lingual papillae types
-vallate papillae: large and flat topped in v shape
-fungiform papillae: mushroom shaped
-foliate papillae: small lateral folds
148
true/false: the filiform papillae are sensitive to touch but not taste
true
149
true/ false: taste sensations pass through the thalamus to the insula
true (only smell goes around thalamus to the limbic system)
150
what nerve provides sensory (taste and general) innervation to the tongue?
vagus n (base), facial n (anterior), glossopharyngeal (posterior)
151
what nerve provides motor innervation to the tongue?
hypoglossal except palatoglossal m (vagus)
152
olfactory epithelium
lines roof of nasal cavity (connects oflactory hairs and receptor cells)
153
olfactory bulb
contains olfactory nerve fivers and mitral cells
154
olfactory tract
relays nerve impulses to olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system
155
what do olfactory nerve fibers synapse with in the olfactory bulb?
mitral cells
156
what are mitral cells?
axons of these form olfactory tract
157
conjuctiva
moistens sclera and lines external anterior surface of eye
158
lacrimal glands
produces tears, lubes surface, prevents bacteria, cleans and moistens surface
159
superior oblique m
innervated by trochlear n; inferiorly and laterally (abduct)
160
inferior oblique m
innervated by oculomotor n; superiorly and laterally (abduct)
161
lateral rectus m
innervated by abducens n; moves eye laterally (abduct)
162
inferior rectus m
innervated by oculomotor n; moves eye inferiorly (adduct)
163
medial recuts m
innervated by oculomotor n; moves eye inferiorly and medially (adduct)
164
superior rectus m
innervated by oculomotor n; moves eye superiorly and medially (adduct)
165
three chambers of the eye
-anterior: cornea and iris/pupil (filled with aqueous humor)
-posterior: iris/pupil and lens
-vitrous: posterior to lens (filled with vitreous humor- maintains shape of eye)
166
what are the three layers of the eye from external to internal?
fibrous tunic, vitreous tunic, and retina
167
how does the sclera receive nutrients and oxygen?
choroid
168
true/ false: cornea is posterior to the lens
false
169
what is the iris and what does it contain?
colored portion that contains pupil
170
what is the choroid and what is its function?
layer between the sclera and retina that delivers nutrients to retina
171
what uses suspensory ligaments to hold the lens in place?
ciliary bodies
172
what is the function of the ciliary process?
secrete aqueous humor
173
inner vs outer laters of retina
-inner: neural and light receptive
-outer: pigmented and absorptive
174
what is the anterior termination of the neural layers of the retina?
ora serrata
175
what are the light receptors in the retina?
rods (in outer edge of retina)
176
what are the color receptors?
cones (in fovea centralis)
177
mascula lutea
where light should be centered, houses cones
178
fovea centralis
in center of macula lutea, where sharpest eye vision is
179
optic disc
blind spot and optic n leaves eye
180
auricle?
funnel around ear
181
what is the function of cerumen (ear wax)
coats hair and inhibits bacterial growth
182
what are the strcutres of the external ear?
auricle, auditory canal, and external aucostic meatus
183
what is the function of the tympanic membrane?
vibrates in response to sound
184
what are the structures of the inner ear and what are their functions?
-oval window: articulates with stapes
-cochlea: hearing
-semicircular canals: detect rotation/ position of head
-vestibule (utricle and saccule): balance
