Unit 5 Revolutions (1750-1900) Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
Which civilizations were most able to pursue a policy of isolation in relation to the maritime West in the period 1450-1750?
A
East Asian
2
Q
Enlightenment & the American Revolution
A
John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau published ideas on the role of government
3
Q
France provides support
A
- France aided the colonists in their rebellion, providing desperately needed supplies, soldiers, and warships
- In 1783, Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America by signing the Treaty of Paris
4
Q
Meanwhile, in France…..
A
-Society had been broken up into Three Estates (social class)
1st Estate - Clergy (church)
2nd Estate - Nobility
3rd Estate - Everyone else
*bourgeoisie, or middle class also affiliated with third estate
5
Q
Louis XVI calls the Estates-General
A
- Louis XVI summoned the Estates-General in order to raise
- Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly
- Tennis Court Oath vowing to reform the government and create a constitution
6
Q
France declares independence
A
- On July 14, 1789 more than 800 Parisians stormed the Bastille (a prison believed to hold weapons)
- Bastille represented years of abuse by the absolute monarchy
7
Q
The Declaration of the Rights of Man
A
- issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen in 1789
- Olympe de Gouges (lady) wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
8
Q
France enters the Reign of Terror
A
- Radicals, known as Jacobins, took over the assembly and began executing traitors to the revolution including the king and queen Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
- Reign of Terror led by Maximilien of Robespierre saw the execution of 17,000 people by the way of the guillotine (cut off peoples heads)
- A new constitution set up a five-man Directory, but faced growing discontent
- Looking for a strong leader to follow, many turned to a popular military hero : Napoleon Bonaparte
9
Q
Napoleon Bonaparte
A
- he led French armies against the British and Austrians, who had been threatened by the revolutionary spirit in France
- By 1799, Napoleon named himself consul for life (Emperor of France)
- Although, Napoleon held absolute power, he held strong French support, winning the popular vote every time
10
Q
Napoleon’s Reforms
A
- Napoleon won support across class lines, by recognizing land rights for peasants, repairing bridges and roads, and making peace with the Catholic Church
- He encouraged nobles who left the country to return and take an oath of loyalty (emigres)
- Napoleonic Code- which emphasized Enlightenment principles such as equality of all citizens, religious toleration and the end of feudalism
11
Q
Napoleon builds an Empire
A
- Between 1804- 1812, Napoleon expanded French power and domain by annexing (or incorporating) the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany
- He abolished the Holy Roman Empire
12
Q
A Rise in Nationalism
A
nationalism-a feeling of pride and devotion to one’s country
-form with distinct boundaries, languages, cultures and traditions
13
Q
Napoleon Invades Russia
A
- To avoid battle, the Russians employed a scorched-earth policy - they retreated eastward, burning crops and villages as they went
- Napoleon’s army froze and starved to death in the Russian winter
14
Q
Napoleon falls from power
A
- The Nationalism that had spurred the French Revolution was now spreading to the European nations, who resisted foreign rule
- Battle of Waterloo (last battle)
15
Q
The Congress of Vienna
A
- After Waterloo, diplomats from all over Europe met at the Congress of Vienna to restore stability and order in Europe
- They restored hereditary monarchies to all the European countries
16
Q
Which group emerged at the peak of French social status as a result of the French Revolution?
A
c.Bourgeoisie
17
Q
The Congress of Vienna
A
- Monarchs of Europe were threatened by revolutionary ideas
- wanted to preserve the old order, to “Turn Back The Clock”
- Congress of Vienna, all the monarchs who ruled in 1789 were returned to power
18
Q
Haiti Is A Successful French Colony
A
- Haiti was producing 40% of Europe’s sugar and 60% of Europe’s coffee
- They had the largest population of slaves after Brazil
19
Q
Enlightenment Ideals Inspire Latin America
A
-They believed that the equal rights the bourgeoisie was fighting for also applied to them
20
Q
Haitians Fight For Freedom
A
- Hispaniola revolted against their plantation owners in 1791
- They were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, a self-educated former slave
21
Q
The Slave Revolt Is Successful
A
-In 1804, the island finally declared themselves an independent country, becoming a republic in 1820
22
Q
Spanish Colonies
A
- The Spanish Colonies, set up juntas (administrative/political units) and ruled on their own behalf
- The political confusion and insecurity would lead to the Spanish colonies also pushing for independence from their mother country
23
Q
Father Miguel Hidalgo
A
- creoles had no desire for social or economic change and wanted power for themselves
- Father Miguel rallied the mestizos and mulattos on his side
- he was eventually captured and executed
24
Q
Augustin de Iturbide
A
- a conservative creole named Augustin de Iturbide joined the revolutionary movement
- Mexico became an independent monarchy
25
Conservatives Vs. Liberals
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Conservatives wanted to maintain many aspects of colonial society, a strong centralized state and strength of the church
Liberals secular (non-religious) society stressed the rights of the individual
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26
Portugal's Royal Family Flees To Brazil
- The royal family fled the court and sailed to Brazil
| - Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the Portuguese Empire
27
Dom Joao Vi
- After Napoleon was defeated in Europe, the king was recalled back to Portugal
- He left his son Pedro in Brazil, advising him to fight for the Brazilian independence
28
Why would the King of Portugal advise his son to fight for the Brazilian Independence?
Dom Pedro I, the constitutional emperor of Brazil
| -Brazil's independence did not change the social or political structure
29
Why was the struggle for Brazilian independence distinctive in Latin America history?
Brazil remained a monarchy after independence
30
Latin American Independence Struggles
- Creoles in Latin America colonies sought to gain their independence from Peninsulares and the Spanish/Portuguese crowns
- Many were inspired by Enlightenment ideals and the French and American revolutions
- Others were afraid that radical rebellion would disrupt the social hierarchy as it did in Haiti
31
Simon Bolivar
- "George Washington" pf South America
- Creole military officer who won a series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, establishing a new nation called Gran Colombia
- Wanted to establish a united South America
32
Differing ideologies lead to disunity
- They disagreed on the type of government (representative, monarchy) that should rule, whether they should abolish slavery, and the rights of women
- By 1830 Bolivar could not prevent the breakup of Gran Colombia unto the separate states of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador
33
Jose de San Martin
- Jose de San Martin was a Creole who fought for independence in southern South America
- He liberated Argentina, Chile and Peru by joining forces with revolutionaries such as Bernardo O'Higgins and Simon Bolivar
34
Global Events
Mexican-American War (1846-1848): led to the loss of Mexican territory to the US is the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Spanish-American War (1898): resulted in Cuban independence and annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the US
-They backed Panama's independence in order to build the Panama Canal and used the Monroe Doctrine to justify their involvement in Latin America
35
Nationalist movements
can unify people who share common bonds, or threaten empires with distinct cultural groups
36
The German Confederation
39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation
-most powerful of these states were Prussia
37
Otto von Bismarck
- Prussian King Wilhelm I appointed Otto von Bismarck as his prime minister
- realpolitik (the politics of reality)
- unification would be achieved not by speeches but by "blood and iron"
38
Bismarck's Wars
Seven Weeks War-Prussia defeated Austria
Franco-Prussian War-France's loss of Alsace Lorraine
-By 1871 the unification of Germany was complete
39
The Breakup of the Austrian Empire
declare Austria and Hungary to be independent states, known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire
40
Cavour Unites Italy
- the largest and most powerful Italian state, Piedmont-Sardinia, appointed Count Camillo di Cavour as the prime minister
- Cavour teamed up with a nationalist soldier named Giuseppe Garibaldi and led forces across Italy to unite the separate states into one country
- Giuseppe Mazzini
41
The status of which of the following provinces served as a longstanding territorial dispute between France and Germany between the Franco-Prussian War and World War II?
Alsace and Lorriane
42
Life in 1750
- Most people worked the land using handmade tools
- second agricultural seed drill made farming sugar
- enclosure-consolidation smaller farms owned by peasant farmers
43
Migration Patterns
- farm output and profits increased
- many farm laborers and small farmers were forced off the land because they couldn't compete
- farm workers migrated to towns and cities, form a growing labor force for the Industrial Revolution
- population increase
44
Technology of the Industrial Revolution
- steam engine powered by coal
| - new methods of producing iron; less expensive to produce but better in quality
45
Britain Leads the Way
- navigable rivers supplied water power and also made it easy to transport goods
- abundant in natural resources such as coal and iron
- trade from their growing overseas empire provided the capital to invest in businesses
46
One things leads to another
- flying shuttle and spinning jenny made it easier to make textiles (cloth) from cotton important from India and the Americas
- canals, steamships, and eventually steam locomotives (railroads)
47
Social Impact
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urbanization-the movement of people to cities
-industrial middle class people who owned and operated the factories, mines and railroads (distinct from working class)
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48
Tenements
tenements-multistory buildings divided into apartments
| -no running water or sewage/sanitation system
49
Life in the Factories and Mines
- working hours were long; 12-16 hours, 6-7 days a week
- no safety devices and dangerous mining conditions; many workers suffered injuries and constantly breathed polluted air
- Child labor was also on the rise, as their size and small fingers made them ideal for factories and mines
50
Benefits of Industrialization
Labor Unions-betters wages, hours, and working conditions
- demand for mass-produced goods grew
- as more people began to earn more wages, more time could be spent on leisure activities
51
Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations
-wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776
-laissez-faire economics – government should
not interfere in the free operation of the economy
- “invisible hand”
-Became the basis of capitalism – trade and industry
controlled by private owners (minimal government
interference)
52
Thomas Malthus and Population Theory
```
-population would grow faster than food
supply
-the only checks on population growth was war,
disease and famine
-Will be proven wrong
```
53
Socialist Thought Emerges
Some believed industrial capitalism created a gulf between rich and poor
-To end poverty and injustice, socialism was introduced
-Under socialism, the people as whole rather than private
individuals would own and operate the means of
production (farms, factories, railways, etc)
54
Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx was a German
philosopher in the 1840s
- Working with Freidrick Engels, wrote a pamphlet called The Communist Manifesto in 1848
- Argued that history was all about the struggle between the “haves” and the
“have-nots” (class struggle)
- “haves” – bourgeoisie/middle class who owned means of production
-“have-nots” – working class, or proletariat
-would lead to a classless society where all means of production would be owned by the community
-proletariat to rise up against the bourgeoisie
-communism would later refer to a system in which governments led by a small elite controlled all political and economic life
55
The Industrial Revolution is generally considered to
| have begun in
England
56
Economic Effects
Laissez Faire Economics
– Businesses should be allowed to operate without government
interference
– Promoted by Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations
– Capitalism à economy should be governed by natural forces of supply and demand
• Rise of Big Business
57
Social Effects
New Class Structure
– Upper Class: rich industrial and business families
– Upper Middle Class: business people and professionals
(doctors, lawyers – high standard of living)
– Lower Middle Class: teachers, office workers, clerks, etc
– Lower Class: factory workers and peasants.
58
Negative Impacts
- Urbanization
- Working Conditions
- Child Labor
- Imperialism
59
Unit 6 Which of the following is a consequence and not a precondition of industrial development?
organized labor union movement
60
Unit 6 Dutch and English Companies
- Dutch and English east India companies were granted monopolies to trade with the east
- These companies were not interested in ruling the territories, they wanted to make a profit
61
Unit 6 The Dutch in Japan
- Java, Indonesia, was the headquarters of the Dutch East India company
- the Dutch would pay tribute to the sultans eventually got invaded in local struggles for power
62
Unit 6 The British in Japan
- the British East India company began their business in India by collaborating with local princes
- local Indians to serve as troops in their private arm, known as sepoys
- Battle at Plassey in 1757
- The leader of the British Army, Robert Clive, was able to overthrow the local Indian prince and gain control of the territory of Bengal
63
Unit 6 Spread of British Rule
- While India was under rule of the Mughal Empire, British officials began to advance steadily in land
- The British left the princes of these kingdoms in charge
- -overtime the British political establishment in India became known as the British Raj
64
Unit 6 Colonial Society
- Europeans slowly adopted the dress, eating and work habits, and styles of the Asian peoples they ruled
- overtime this tolerance of the "native" culture will diminish
65
Unit 6 Government Intervention
- EIC was full of men who exploited the company and the natives for money
- men who took advantage of EIC presence in India were known as nabobs
- British parliament stepped in and passed a series of laws that limited the power of EIC increase British royal power in India
66
Unit 6 Industrial Rivalries
- the use of colonies became a symbol of status and power
- countries competed with each other to have the most colonies
- they saw the colonies as potential destinations for migration of their overpopulated cities, as well as employment opportunities and a market for their manufactured goods
- maxim gun; steams ships and iron ships, telegraph and mass journalism all contributed to the advantage European countries had over Asia and Africa
67
Unit 6 Types of European colonies
- tropical dependencies Africa, Asia and the Soith Pacific
- Europeans would rule large populations of non-Western people
- settlement colonies; North America and Australia
- White settlers outnumbered the natives
- White dominions Canada and Australia
68
Unit 6 A 3rd Type of Colony
- South Africa
- Europeans would settle in these colonies, would have to coexist with the indigenous population
- Lead to clashed over land rights, social status, and cultural differences
69
Unit 6 Social Darwinism
- formed segregated enclaves
- white racial supremacy, which is later supported by the idea of Social Darwinism
- Social Darwinists believed that the intellectual and cultural superiority of white European races over non-Europeans, and were used to justify colonization and imperialism
