Unit 5(Scientific Revolution)

Question 1

Inductive Method/Reasoning

Answer 1

Inductive reasoning begins with observations that are specific and limited in scope, and proceeds to a generalized conclusion that is likely, but not certain, in light of accumulated evidence.

Question 2

Alchemy

Answer 2

A form of speculative thought that tries to transform base metals into silver and gold and to discover a cure for disease and a way of extending life

Question 3

Kepler

Answer 3

Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music. He is a key figure in the 17th-century Scientific Revolution, best known for his laws of planetary motion, and his books Astronomia nova, Harmonice Mundi, and Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae. These works also provided one of the foundations for Newton’s theory of universal gravitation.

Question 4

Aristotelian philosophy

Answer 4

Philosophical tradition based on works of Aristotle characterized by deductive logic and an analytic inductive method in the study of nature and natural law

Question 5

Natural Laws

Answer 5

A body of laws or specific principles held to be derived from nature and binding on all human societies even in the absence of written laws and governing such matters.

Question 6

Brahe

Answer 6

Danish astronomer known for his comprehensive astronomical observations

Question 7

Cartesian dualism

Answer 7

Descartes’s principle of the separation of mind and matter (and mind and body) that enabled scientists to view matter as something separate from themselves that could be investigated by reason

Question 8

Copernicus

Answer 8

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.

Question 9

Deductive method/reasoning

Answer 9

Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning, The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories

Question 10

Descartes

Answer 10

a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who invented analytic geometry, linking the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra

Question 11

Empiricism

Answer 11

The practice of relying on observation and experiment

Question 12

Natural Philosophers

Answer 12

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Question 13

Francis Bacon

Answer 13

also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. His works are seen as developing the scientific method and remained influential through the scientific revolution

Question 14

Geocentric conception

Answer 14

The belief that the earth was at the center of the universe and that the sun and other celestial objects revolved around the earth

Question 15

Ptolemy

Answer 15

Claudius Ptolemy was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of importance to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.

Question 16

Newton

Answer 16

An English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author (described as a natural philosopher) widely recognised as one of the greatest mathematicians, physicists, and most influential scientists of all time. He was a key figure in the philosophical revolution known as the Enlightenment.

Question 17

Galileo

Answer 17

an astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa, in modern-day Italy

Question 18

The Starry Messenger

Answer 18

Sidereus Nuncius is a short astronomical treatise published in New Latin by Galileo Galilei on March 13, 1610

Question 18

Principa

Answer 18

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) by Isaac Newton, often referred to as simply the Principia, is a work expounding Newton’s laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation; in three books written in Latin, first published 5 July 1687.

Question 19

Dialogue on the chief two world systems

Answer 19

The Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is a 1632 Italian-language book by Galileo Galilei comparing the Copernican system with the traditional Ptolemaic system

Question 20

Heliocentric conception

Answer 20

The belief that the sun, not the earth, is at the center of the universe

Question 21

Hermeticism

Answer 21

An intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and influenced many of the leading figures of the scientific revolution

Question 22

Paracelsus

Answer 22

was a Swiss physician, alchemist, lay theologian, and philosopher of the German Renaissance. He was a pioneer in several aspects of the “medical revolution” of the Renaissance, emphasizing the value of observation in combination with received wisdom.

Question 23

Querelles Des Femmes

Answer 23

“Arguments about women.” A centuries old debate about the nature of women that continued during the Scientific Revolution as those who argued for inferiority of women found additional support in the new anatomy and medicine.

Question 24

Rationalism

Answer 24

A system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge.