unit 5 vocab

Question 1

the variety and variability of plants, animals, and micro organisms that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture

Answer 1

agricultural bio diversity

Question 2

a landscape resulting from the interactions between farming activities and a location natural environment

Answer 2

agricultural landscape

Question 3

an eco system modified for agricultural use

Answer 3

agreosystem

Question 4

layers of sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and can release a usable amount of water

Answer 4

aquifer

Question 5

the variety of organisms living in a location

Answer 5

biodiversity

Question 6

the science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation to create new products for specific purposes such as crops that resist certain pests

Answer 6

biotechnology

Question 7

reliable access to safe and nutritious food that can support an active and healthy lifestyle

Answer 7

food security

Question 8

a farming management concept that uses technology to apply inputs with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields to maximize crop yields, reduce waste and preserve the environment

Answer 8

precision agriculture

Question 9

artificial lake used to store water

Answer 9

reservoir

Question 10

the process by which water soluble salts build up in the soil, which limits the ability of crops to absorb water

Answer 10

salinization

Question 11

the shifting of population away from cities into surrounding suburbs

Answer 11

suburbinzation

Question 12

the process of carving parts of a hill or mountainside into small level growing plots

Answer 12

terracing

Question 13

agreement between a bank and a peripheral country I n which bank forgives a portion of the countries debt in exchange for local investment in conversation measures

Answer 13

debt-for-nature-swap

Question 14

a loss of forested land

Answer 14

deforestation

Question 15

a form of land degradation that occurs when soil to deteriorates to a deservitive condition

Answer 15

desertification

Question 16

cost reductions that occur when production rises

Answer 16

economies of scale

Question 17

area where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away

Answer 17

food desert

Question 18

the disruption food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food

Answer 18

food insecurity

Question 19

the large scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agriculture products and equipment

Answer 19

agribusiness

Question 20

a netowork of people, information, processes and resources that work together to produce, handle, distribute a commodity or product

Answer 20

commodity chain

Question 21

an economy having two agriculture sectors that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand

Answer 21

dual agriculture economy

Question 22

a movement that tries to provide farmers and workers in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries with a far price for their products by providing m ore equitable trading conditions

Answer 22

fair trade

Question 23

a form of aid and insurance given by the federal government to certain farmers and agribusinesses

Answer 23

farm subsidy

Question 24

a network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle and distribute goods around the world

Answer 24

global supply chain

Question 25

the product created by breeding different varieties to enhance the most favorable characteristics

Answer 25

hybrid

Question 26

the purposeful cultivation of plants or raiding of animals to produce goods for survivial

Answer 26

agriculture

Question 27

an area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals

Answer 27

agricultural hearth

Question 28

a theory that describes the relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation (primarily in urban areas) Ising a bid-rent gradient or slope used to describe how land costs are determined

Answer 28

bid-rent theory

Question 29

the central location where the majority of consumer services are located in a city or town because accessibility of th location attracts these services.

Answer 29

central business district (CBD)

Question 30

an area that has similar climate patters generally based on its altitude and its location on a coast or continental interior

Answer 30

climate region

Question 31

a rural settlement pattern in which residents live in close proximity to one another, with farmland and posture land surrounding the settlement; also known as a nucleated settlement

Answer 31

clustered settlement

Question 32

an agriculture practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for others to purchase

Answer 32

commercial agriculture

Question 33

the exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492

Answer 33

Columbian exchange

Question 34

a plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through the manipulation of its genetic makeup

Answer 34

genetically modified organism (GMO)

Question 35

movement beginning the 1950's and 1960's in which scientist used knowledge of genetics to develop new high-yield strains of grain crops

Answer 35

green revolution

Question 36

an agriculture practice in which farmers expand a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land

Answer 36

intense agriculture

Question 37

a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings form in a long line that usually follows a land feature or aligns along a transportation route

Answer 37

linear settlement

Question 38

a type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area

Answer 38

market gardening

Question 39

the varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continueing productivity of the soil

Answer 39

crop rotation

Question 40

a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings are isolated from one another and all the homes in a settlement are distributed over a relatively large area.

Answer 40

dispersed settlement

Question 41

the deliberate effort to frow plants and raise animals making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desiralde characteristics

Answer 41

domestication

Question 42

system in which communal lands were replaced by farms owned by individuals and use of the land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented the land from the owner

Answer 42

enclosure system

Question 43

an agriculture practice with relatively few input and little investment in labor and capital that results in relatively low outputs

Answer 43

extensive agriculture

Question 44

the shift from foraging for food to farming about 11000 years ago, marking the beginning of agriculture

Answer 44

first agriculture revolution

Question 45

small nomadic groups who had primarily plant based diets and ate small animals of fish for protein.

Answer 45

foragers

Question 46

an agricultural practice that consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs and raising sheep and goats

Answer 46

mediterranean agriculture

Question 47

a type of farming in which both crops and live stock are raised for profit

Answer 47

mixed crop and livestock stystem

Question 48

the cultivation of one or tow crops that are rotated seasonally

Answer 48

monocropping

Question 49

a type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing

Answer 49

nomadic herding

Question 50

a type of large scale commercial farming of one particular crop

Answer 50

plantation agriculture

Question 51

a change in farming practices marked by new tools and techniques that diffused Britain and the Low Countries starting in the early 18th century

Answer 51

second agricultural revolution

Question 52

the agriculture proactive of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving to a new piece of land where the process is repeated.

Answer 52

shifting cultivation

Question 53

a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown; often used when clearing the land

Answer 53

slash and burn

Question 54

an agriculture practice that provides crips or live stock to feed ones family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and people to care for the crops and livestock

Answer 54

subsistence agriculture

Question 55

a shift to further mechanization in agriculture through the development of new technology and adavances that began in the early 10th century an continues to the present day

Answer 55

third agriculture revolution

Question 56

the movement of the herds between pastures at cooler higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter

Answer 56

transhumance

Question 57

the many systems and facilities that a country needs in order to function properly

Answer 57

infrastructure

Question 58

the combining of a company's ownership and control over more than one stage of the production process of goods

Answer 58

vertical integration

Question 59

a model that suggests that perishability of the product that transport costs to the market each factor into the location of agriculture land use and activity

Answer 59

von Thunen model