Unit 5 Vocabulary

Question 1

The variety and variability of plants animals, and microorganisms that are used directly or indirectly for food or agriculture.

Answer 1

Agricultural biodiversity

Question 2

A landscape resulting from the interactions of farming activities and the natural environment.

Answer 2

Agricultural landscape

Question 3

An ecosystem modified for agricultural use.

Answer 3

Agriecosystem

Question 4

Layers of sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and release a usable amount of water.

Answer 4

Aquifer

Question 5

The variety of organisms living in a location.

Answer 5

Biodiversity

Question 6

The science of altering living organisms, often through genetic manipulation, to create new products for specific purposes, such as crops that resist certain pests.

Answer 6

Biotechnology

Question 7

Reliable access to safe and nutritious foods that can support a healthy and active lifestyle.

Answer 7

Food security

Question 8

A farming management concept that uses technology to apply inputs with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields to maximize yields, reduce waste, and preserve the environment.

Answer 8

Precision agriculture

Question 9

An artificial lake used to store water.

Answer 9

Reservoir

Question 10

The process by which water-soluble salts build up in the soil, which limits the ability of crops to absorb water.

Answer 10

Salinization

Question 11

the shifting population away from cities into suburbs

Answer 11

Suburbanization

Question 12

The process of carving parts of a hill or mountainside into smaller, growing plots.

Answer 12

Terracing

Question 13

An agreement between a bank and a peripheral country in which debt is forgiven in exchange for local investment in conservation measures.

Answer 13

Debt-for-nature swap

Question 14

Loss of forest lands.

Answer 14

Deforestation

Question 15

A form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates into a desert-like condition.

Answer 15

Desertification

Question 16

A proportionate saving in costs gained by an increase in production

Answer 16

Economy of scale

Question 17

Areas where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious food because the stores selling them are too far away

Answer 17

Food Desert

Question 18

The disruption of food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food

Answer 18

Food insecurity

Question 19

The large-scale system that includes the production, management, and distribution of agricultural products and equipment

Answer 19

Agribusiness

Question 20

A network of people, info, processes, and resources that work together to produce, handle, and distribute a commodity or product

Answer 20

Commodity-chain

Question 21

An economy having two different levels of technology and patterns of demand

Answer 21

Dual agricultural economy

Question 22

A movement that tries to provide farmers in peripheral areas with a fair price for their products by providing more equitable trading conditions

Answer 22

Fair trade

Question 23

A form of aid and insurance given by the federal government to certain farmers and agribusinesses.

Answer 23

Farm subsidy

Question 24

A network of people, information, processes, and resources that work together to handle, produce, and distribute goods around the world.

Answer 24

Global supply chain

Question 25

The product created by breeding two different varieties of species to enhance the most favorable characteristics.

Answer 25

Hybrid

Question 26

The purposeful cultivation of plants or animals to produce goods for survival.

Answer 26

Agriculture

Question 27

An area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals.

Answer 27

Agricultural hearth

Question 28

A theory that describes the relationship between land value, commercial location, and transportation, primarily in urban areas, using the bid-rent gradient or scope; used to describe how land costs are determined.

Answer 28

Bid-rent theory

Question 29

The central location where the majority of consumer services are located in a city or town because the accessibility of the location attracts these services.

Answer 29

Central Businesses District (CBD)

Question 30

An area that has similar climate patterns generally based on its latitude and its location on a coast or continental interior.

Answer 30

Climate region

Question 31

A rural settlement pattern in which residents live in close proximity to one another, with farmland and pasture land surrounding the settlement; also known as a nucleated settlement.

Answer 31

Clustered settlement

Question 32

An agricultural practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for purchase.

Answer 32

Commercial agriculture

Question 33

The exchange of ideas and goods between the America's, Europe, and Africa that began when Christopher Colombus landed in the Americas.

Answer 33

Columbian Exchange

Question 34

A plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through genetic manipulation

Answer 34

GMO

Question 35

A movement beginning in the 1950s ad 1960s in which scientists used knowledge of genetics to develop new, high-yield strains of grain crops.

Answer 35

Green revolution

Question 36

An agricultural practice in which farms expand a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land.

Answer 36

Intensive agriculture

Question 37

A rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings form a long line that usually follows a land feature or aligns along a transportation route

Answer 37

Linear settlement

Question 38

A type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area.

Answer 38

Market gardening

Question 39

The varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil.

Answer 39

Crop rotation

Question 40

A rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings are isolated from each other, and all the homes in a settlement are distributed over a relatively large area.

Answer 40

Dispersed settlement

Question 41

The deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics.

Answer 41

Domestication

Question 42

A system in which communal lands were replaced by farms owned by individuals and the use of land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented from them.

Answer 42

Enclosure system

Question 43

An agricultural practice with relatively few inputs and investment in labor that reesults in low ouputs.

Answer 43

Extensive Agriculture

Question 44

The shift from foraging to farming about 11,000 years ago that marked the beginning of agriculture.

Answer 44

first agricultural revolution

Question 45

Small nomadic groups which had primarily plant-based diets and ate small fish for protein.

Answer 45

Foragers

Question 46

An agricultural practice that consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs and raising sheep and goats.

Answer 46

Mediterranean agriculture

Question 47

A type of farming in which both crops and livestock are raised for profit.

Answer 47

Mixed-crop-and-livestock systems

Question 48

The cultivation of one or two crops that are seasonally rotated.

Answer 48

Monocropping

Question 49

A type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing.

Answer 49

Nomadic herding

Question 50

A way of life for people who do not continually live in the same place but more cynically or periodically.

Answer 50

Pastoral nomadism

Question 51

A type of large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation

Answer 51

Plantation agriculture

Question 52

A change in farming practices, marked by new tools and techniques that diffused from Britain and the Low Countries in the early 18th century.

Answer 52

Second agricultural revolution

Question 53

The agricultural practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and repeating the process.

Answer 53

Shifting cultivation

Question 54

A method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown; often used when clearing land.

Answer 54

Slash and burn

Question 55

An agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for crops and resources.

Answer 55

Substicence agriculture

Question 56

A shift to further mechanization in agriculture, through the development of new technology ad advances that began in the early 20th century and continues to present day.

Answer 56

Third agricultural revolution

Question 57

The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter.

Answer 57

Transhumance

Question 58

The many systems and facilities that a country needs in order to function properly

Answer 58

Infrastructure

Question 59

The combining of a company's ownership of and control over more than one stage of the production process of goods.

Answer 59

Vertical integration

Question 60

A model that suggests that the perishability of a product and transport osts to the market of each factor into the location of agricultural land use and activity.

Answer 60

Von Thunen model