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Ocular Anatomy > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Benefits of binocular vision

A

Single vision - no “double vision”
Stereo vision - depth perception
Increase field of vision
Compensation for blind spot

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2
Q

Fixation

A

Image on fovea
Fixation reflexes to keep image on fovea

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3
Q

Fusion

A

Single image formed with images from both eyes

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4
Q

Diplopia

A

2 images are perceived, one from each eye
Lack of fusion (double vision)

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5
Q

Suppression

A

The brain ignores one of the images during diplopia

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6
Q

Amblyopia

A

Vision loss due to prolonged suppression in childhood

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7
Q

What does BCVA stand for

A

Best corrected visual acuity

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8
Q

Saccades

A

Front lobe
Fast movement that keep the image on the fovea

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9
Q

Smooth pursuits

A

Parietal-occipital region plus other areas of brain
Slow movements of the eyes to follow an object

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10
Q

Ductions

A

Monocular (abduction, addiction, supraduction, infraduction, intorsion and extortion

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11
Q

Versions

A

Binolcular
Dextroversion
Leveoversion
Supraversion
Infraversion

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12
Q

Vergences

A

Binocular; towards or away from eachother
Convergence; both eyes looking towards eachother
Divergence; both eyes look away from eachother

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13
Q

6 muscles

A

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique

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14
Q

Which muscle is used for elevation

A

Superior rectus

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15
Q

Which muscle is used for depression

A

Inferior rectus

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16
Q

What muscle is used for adduction

A

Medial rectus

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17
Q

What muscle is used for abduction

A

Lateral rectus

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18
Q

What muscle is used for intorsion

A

Superior oblique

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19
Q

What muscle is used for extortion

A

Inferior oblique

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20
Q

Yoke muscle

A

Muscles from each eye that work together to move eyes together
Ex; LR and MR are yoke muscles , they both equally move the eye laterally or medially

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21
Q

Herings law or equal innervation

A

When a muscle in one eye is sent a message to move; the yoke muscle in the other eye receives equal innervation
The message is the same to the yoke muscle

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22
Q

Sherringtons law and reciprocal innervation

A

When a signal is sent to one muscle to contract the opposing muscle for that eye is sent a signal to relax
Talking about one eye itself. It allows one muscle to contact while the other one relaxes. If two muscles are being pulled in opposite ways the eye won’t be able to move

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23
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Abduction

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24
Q

Medial rectus

A

Adduction

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25
Q

Superior rectus

A

Primary : elevation
Secondary ; intorsion

26
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Primary - depression
Secondary - extortion

27
Q

Superior oblique

A

Primary- intorsion
Secondary- depression

28
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Primary - extortion
Secondary - elevation

29
Q

When your eye is looking right

A

Right lateral rectus
Left medial rectus

30
Q

When you move your eye left

A

Left lateral rectus
Right medial recrus

31
Q

When you move your eye up and right

A

Right superior rectus
Left inferior oblique

32
Q

When you move your eye up and left

A

Left superior rectus
Right inferior oblique

33
Q

When you move your eye down and right

A

Right inferior rectus
Left superior oblique

34
Q

When you move your eye down and left

A

Left inferior rectus
Right superior oblique

35
Q

If the eye is abducting what muscle is being used

A

Recti muscles

36
Q

If the eye is adducting what muscle is being used

A

Oblique muscles

37
Q

Esotropia

A

Inward deviation

38
Q

Exotropia

A

Outward deviation

39
Q

Hypertropia

A

Upward deviation

40
Q

Hypotonia

A

Downward deviation

41
Q

What is strabismus

A

The visual axis of the eyes are not aligned and the eyes appear to be looking in different directions

42
Q

Strabismus amount of deviation

A

Measured in prism diopters

43
Q

Causes of strabismus

A

Accommodative esotropia
Congenital strabismus
Cranial nerve palsies
Decompensated strabismus
Traumatic

44
Q

Accommodative esotropia

A

Eye turning inwards due to the focusing efforts as the eyes try to see clearly

45
Q

Congenital strabismus

A

Disease or physical disability present from birth
May require surgery

46
Q

Cranial nerve palsies

A

Damage to one of the nerves
Ex; CN III, CN IV, CN VI

47
Q

Decompensated strabismus

A

Develops as an adult
Long standing deviation
Previously well controlled by motor fusional mechanism , now decompensating

48
Q

Traumatic

A

Brain damage
CN damage
Direct EOM

49
Q

Duane syndrome

A

-Incorrect innervation of the EOMS by the cranial nerves; congenital anomaly.
-Limited ability to adduct or abduct or bath
-Some muscles stretch when they should should be tightened and some stay loose when they should be contracting
-compensatory head posture for BSV

50
Q

Brown syndrome

A

Problem with the SO tendon (too tight or too short)
Usually congenital but could be secondary to trauma or surgery

51
Q

Cover test

A

Checks for the amount of deviation
Shows you the direction of deviation
When you cover the good eye, the bad eye slowly straightens

52
Q

Light reflex tests

A

Hirschberg
Krimsky

53
Q

Hirschberg

A

-Look with torch, shine a light at the eyes and observe where the light reflex is located in reference to the pupil
-If the light is out , the eye in in.
-For every mm that the light is decentered, the eye is turned about 15 diopters
-screening test that can be used to assess whether a person has a strabismus (ocular misalignment)

54
Q

Krimsky

A

-look with prism
-essentially the hirschberg test but with prisms employed to quantify amount of deviation
-Determining how much prism is required to center the reflex

55
Q

Modified krimsy test

A

Placing the prism infront of the eye that needs to be fixed

56
Q

Stereo vision test

A

Randot
Stereo fly

57
Q

Randot

A

-Vectograph random dot stereotest
-Used for detecting amblyopia, strabismus and suppression, and for assessing stereoacuity
-can measure stereoacuity from 400 to 20 of arc

58
Q

Stereo fly

A

Titmus test
Easily administered check of stereoscopic depth perception at any age level
Evaluate both gross and fine stereo vision

59
Q

Worth 4 dot test

A

Text for suppression and double vision (diplopia)
The red lens blocks the green dots (OD will not see the 2 green dots)
The green lens blocks the red light (OS won’t see the red dot)

60
Q

Pseudotropia

A

The babies nose bridge isn’t big yet so it looks like they’re eye is turned on since the skin covers the white part of the eye

Ocular Anatomy (2 decks)

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