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AP Psychology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

the persistence of learning over time

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2
Q

Information-processing model

A

Encoding: getting info in
Storage: keeping/retaining info
Retrieval: getting info out of storage

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3
Q

Multi-Store Model/Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

Record info as a fleeting sensory memory
Then process info into short-term memory; encoded through rehearsal
Moves into long-term memory for later retrieval

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4
Q

Sensory Memory

A

The immediate brief recording of sensory info
Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory

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5
Q

Iconic Memory

A

fleeting visual images

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6
Q

Echoic Memory

A

auditory signals

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7
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

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8
Q

Working Memory

A

newer understanding of STM that adds conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual info and of info retrieved from LTM

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9
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Info must be encoded to be stored in LTM

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10
Q

Shallow Processing

A

encoding on a basic level, based on the appearance or structure of the words

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11
Q

Deep Processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words

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12
Q

Effortful Processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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13
Q

Automatic Processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned info, such as word meanings

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14
Q

Episodic

A

explicit memory of personally experienced events

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15
Q

Semantic

A

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

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16
Q

Procedural

A

implicit memories for automatic skills

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17
Q

Flashbulb

A

a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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18
Q

Recall

A

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier

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19
Q

Recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned

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20
Q

Relearning

A

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

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21
Q

Amnesia

A

Refers to memory loss due to special conditions, such as brain injury, illness, or psychological trauma

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22
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

memory loss for events that took place sometime in life before an injury or disease occurred

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23
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

memory loss for events that occur after injuring or disease occurred

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24
Q

Source Amnesia

A

fault memory for how, when, or where info was learned or imagined

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25
Q

Dementia

A

Decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life

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26
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Progressive brain disorder that is the most common cause of dementia in adults over the age of 65
Abnormal amount of plaques and tangles in brain

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27
Q

Priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

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28
Q

Context-Dependent Memory

A

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

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29
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state

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30
Q

Mood-Dependent Memory

A

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

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31
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Our tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily than the items in the middle

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32
Q

Primacy Effect

A

recall early parts of a list

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33
Q

Recency Effect

A

recall the most recently presented items on list

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34
Q

Cerebellum

A

plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning

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35
Q

Proactive Interference

A

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

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36
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer information on the recall of old information

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37
Q

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered that memory for novel information fades quickly, then levels out

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38
Q

Cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

39
Q

Concepts

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

40
Q

Prototypes

A

a mental image or best example of a category

41
Q

Creativity

A

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas

42
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

43
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

expanding the number of possible problem solutions

44
Q

Algorithm

A

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

45
Q

Heuristic

A

simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

46
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes we have

47
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

48
Q

Insight

A

sudden realizations of a problem’s solution

49
Q

Intuition

A

what we know without knowing how we know

50
Q

Mindset

A

a mental approach to problems and issues, often connected to the psychological construct of intelligence

51
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

52
Q

Fixation

A

the inability to see or define a problem from a fresh point of view

53
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

when you are fixed on something and so you only see a limited number of uses for an object, such as only being able to use something for its usual function

54
Q

Mental Set

A

tendency to approach a problem in one particular way

55
Q

Overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

56
Q

Self-serving bias

A

evaluating ourselves in an overly favorable manor

57
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions even what they were based on has been discredited

58
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

when a person will rationalize, ignore, and even deny anything that doesn’t fit in with the core belief about a topic

59
Q

Framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can affect decisions and judgments

60
Q

Intelligence

A

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

61
Q

Charles Spearman’s Two Factor Theory of Intelligence

A

Separated general and specific mental abilities
Used factor analysis

General Intelligence
S Factor Intelligence

Critiques: Doesn’t measure other kinds of mental abilities (motor, musical, creative)

62
Q

General Intelligence

A

underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

63
Q

S Factor Intelligence

A

specific mental abilities is what he called the ability of an individual to utilize math or verbal skills

64
Q

Thurstone’s Theory of Intelligence

A

7 mental abilities
(verbal comprehension, numerical ability, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning)

65
Q

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

A

Howard Gardner believed there were 8 relatively independent intelligences
(very broad intelligences like nature and music)

Critiques: Argues that some of his intelligences are skills and not intelligences

66
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

A

3 intelligences: analytical, creativity, practical

Critique: 3 domains may be less independent than Sternberg though and may actually share an underlying G Factor

67
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Critiques:
Does this stretch the concept of intelligence too far?

68
Q

Crystalized Intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

69
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly

70
Q

Flynn Effect

A

it has been found that IQ scores have been steadily improving across generations

71
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

condition of limited mental ability

Indicated by a score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to demands of life

72
Q

Intelligence Test

A

a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

73
Q

Lewis Terman & the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

A

Measures fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, & working memory

74
Q

Intelligence Quotient

A

Standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 100 is average

75
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A

Score based on standard deviation IQ: person’s mental ability is scored in comparison with average person of their age

Believed that Stanford-Binet test didn’t measure all of a person’s intelligence

76
Q

Standardization

A

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

77
Q

Reliability

A

the extent to which a test yields consistent results

78
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it’s supposed to

79
Q

Content Validity

A

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

80
Q

Predictive Validity

A

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

81
Q

Language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

82
Q

Phonemes

A

smallest distinctive sound units in a language

83
Q

Morpheme

A

smallest unit that carries meaning

84
Q

Grammar

A

a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others

85
Q

Semantics

A

language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds

86
Q

Syntax

A

set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

87
Q

language acquisition device (LAD

A

Inborn capacity to learn language with which they are raised

88
Q

Universal Grammar

A

built in predisposition to learn grammar rules

89
Q

Babbling Stage

A

stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language

90
Q

One-word Stage

A

a child speaks mostly in single words

91
Q

Two-word Stage

A

a child mostly speaks in two-word statements

92
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

the structure of language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us

93
Q

Linguistic Relativity/Influence

A

the structure of language affects thought

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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