Unit 6

Question 1

Its made up of carbon which causes the lungs to turn black
○ Black Lungs: Anthracosis

Answer 1

The Great Smog of London (1952)

Question 2

○ Location: Japan
○ Methyl Mercury which targets the Nervous System

Answer 2

Minimata Disease (1950s)

Question 3

Releases radiation

Answer 3

Chernobyl (1986)

Question 4

Basic Principles of Toxicology

Answer 4

Mechanism of exposure and toxicological effects

Question 5

Toxicological effects

Answer 5

Recognition
Prevention
Treatment

Question 6

Exposure to chemicals may be through the ________ and/or __________.

Answer 6

environment (air, water, soil, food) and/or occupational.

Question 7

can cause renal failure

Answer 7

Silica

Question 8

It can cause lung cancer

Answer 8

Asbestos

Question 9

Higher dose = ________ effect

Answer 9

Higher

Question 10

Higher exposure = ________ effect

Answer 10

Higher

Question 11

Higher fat content = _________ vulnerability

Answer 11

higher

Question 12

Deals with the effects of chemical found in the workplace

Answer 12

Occupational toxicology

Question 13

Standards for specific materials of particularly serious toxicity

Answer 13

PEL

Question 14

Lower PEL = ______ toxicity

Answer 14

High

Question 15

______ PEL = low toxicity

Answer 15

Higher

Question 16

For it to be safe there should be a _________

Answer 16

high threshold limit values

Question 17

○ Ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or setting
○ potential /ability to cause injury

Answer 17

Hazard

Question 18

○ Expected frequency of the occurrence of an undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent
○ Likelihood that a hazard will cause harm

Answer 18

Risk

Question 19

Inhalation > Transdermal route > oral

Answer 19

Industrial route of exposure

Question 20

single exposure or multiple exposure over a brief period of time

Answer 20

Acute exposure

Question 21

single exposure or multiple exposure over a longer period of time

Answer 21

Chronic exposure

Question 22

there is policy

Answer 22

Administrative control

Question 23

The pollutants that have the widest environmental impact are. _______ degradable; are relatively mobile in air, water, and soil; exhibit bioaccumulation; and also exhibit biomagnification.

Answer 23

poorly

Question 24

● Colorless, tasteless, odorless and non-irritating gas
● Byproduct of incomplete combustion
● gas stoves; generators and other gasoline-powered equipment; automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke
● Easily absorbed through the lungs
● Exposure may be acute or chronic
● Has teratogenic potential
● Cherry red color of skin

Answer 24

Carbon monoxide

Question 25

CO combines tightly but reversibly with the oxygen- binding site of hemoglobin (Hb)

Answer 25

Carbon Monoxide

Question 26

In the systemic circulation with Carbon Monoxide, there will be _________ because there is no oxygen.

Answer 26

In the systemic circulation, there will be hypoxia because there is no oxygen.

Question 27

higher hydrogen concentration, higher temperature, higher CO2 (Hemoglobin does not cling too much to the gas)

Answer 27

Shift right

Question 28

cling more strongly to the gas (Hindi narerelease ang hawak na oxygen gas: Higher carbon monoxide)

Answer 28

Shift left

Question 29

● Symptoms of hypoxia ● Psychomotor impairment ● Headache and tightness in the temporal area ● Confusion and loss of visual acuity ● Tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma ● Deep coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory failure ● Aggravated by; those tasks that require more oxygen

Answer 29

Clinical effects of CO-

Question 30

Treatment for CO-

Answer 30

● High concentrations of oxygen for a short amount of time only ● Hypothermic therapy ● Neuropsychological and motor dysfunction persists for a long time after treatment

Question 31

● Colorless irritant gas ● Generated primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuel ● The principal source of urban SO2 is the burning of coal, domestic heating, high-sulfur transportation and coal-fired power plants

Answer 31

SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)

Question 32

● high solubility of SO2 in moist membranes forms sulfurous acid. ● severe irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and skin ● 90% of inhaled form is absorbed in the Upper Respiratory tract causing Acute Irritant Asthma

Answer 32

Sulfur monoxide

Question 33

● eye, nose and throat irritation, reflex bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions ● May initiate or exacerbate Bronchial Asthma ● Delayed-onset pulmonary edema ● Treatment is supportive, non-specific

Answer 33

Sulfur monoxide

Question 34

● Brownish irritant gas associated with fires ● Farmers exposed to fresh silage ● Miners exposed to diesel equipment ● automobile and truck traffic emissions

Answer 34

Nitrogen oxide

Question 35

● Relatively insoluble deep lung irritant ○ Lower respiratory tract ● Inhalation damages the lung infrastructure that produces the surfactant necessary to allow smooth and low-effort lung alveolar expansion ○ Airways collapse because of the decrease in surfactant.

Answer 35

Nitrogen oxide

Question 36

● Silo-Filler’s Disease, Non-allergic Asthma, ”Twitchy- airway disease” ● Acute: ○ Irritation of eyes and nose ○ Cough ○ mucoid or frothy sputum production ○ dyspnea and chest pain ○ Pulmonary edema ○ fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles ● Chronic: Emphysematous changes ○ COPD Patients ● Treatment: Supportive, non-specific

Answer 36

Nitrogen oxides

Question 37

● Bluish irritant gas naturally found in the earth’s atmosphere ● Burning of fossil fuel ● Emitted from power plants, motor vehicles and other sources of high heat compounds ● high-voltage electrical equipment and air and water purification systems ● Agriculture

Answer 37

OZONE (O3) AND OTHER OXIDES

Question 38

● Irritant of mucous membranes ● Produces upper respiratory tract irritation to deep lung irritation with pulmonary edema ● Formation of reactive free radicals ○ Can cause cancer

Answer 38

OZONE (O3) AND OTHER OXIDES

Question 39

● Shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary compliance ● Acute ○ Irritation and dryness to throat ○ changes to visual acuity ○ substernal pain and dyspnea ○ ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) ● Chronic ○ Chronic Bronchitis ○ Bronchiolitis ○ Empyshema ● Treatment: Supportive, non-specific

Answer 39

OZONE (O3) AND OTHER OXIDES

Question 40

● Found in industrial solvents, degreasing agents and cleaning agents ● Carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane ○ Carbon tetrachloride - highly toxic in liver (hepatotoxic) ● Most are classified as known or probable human carcinogens ● Freon, a fluorinated aliphatic, causes severe damage in the ozone ○ CFCs ● Layer in the troposphere

Answer 40

HALOGENATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS / Halohydrocarbons

Question 41

● Human carcinogens - some are associated with renal, prostate and testicular cancer ● CNS depression, kidney injury, liver injury, cardiotoxicity, arrhythmia ● Chronic Exposure in the Workplace: Impaired memory, peripheral neuropathy ● Treatment: Supportive, non-specific

Answer 41

Nitrogen oxide

Question 42

● component of gasoline ● Acute Exposure: CNS Depression, Nausea, Euphoria, Locomotor Problems and Coma; Vertigo, Drowsiness and Headache ● *Chronic Exposure: Bone Marrow Injury (Aplastic XYLENE ic mosquito elimination in malaria infested regions of Africa ○ Long-term effects poorly understood Anemia, Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia...) ● Pluripotent Bone Marrow Stem Cells ● Potent Clastogen ● Treatment: Supportive, non-specific

Answer 42

Benzene

Question 43

● Methylbenzene Pancytopenia, ● paint thinners, nail polish remover, glues, and correction fluid; explosives ○ TNT: trinitrotoluene ● No myelotoxic properties ○ This is why it is a substitute for benzene ● CNS depressant, skin and eye irritant, fetotoxic ● Associated with rapid loss of consciousness, severe fatigue, ataxia

Answer 43

Toluene

Question 44

Dimethylbenzene ○ Two methyl groups Colorless, sweet-smelling agent Clearing Agent used in the Histopathology Section ○ Substitute for Benzene, since Xylene is safer Substitute for benzene in solvent degreasing operations No myelotoxic properties CNS depressant, skin irritant

Answer 44

Xylene