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AP PSYCH (swapped) > UNIT 6 > Flashcards

UNIT 6 Flashcards

1
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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2
Q

schema

A

concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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3
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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4
Q

accommodation

A

adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information

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5
Q

preoperational stage

A

Piaget’s theory - a child learns language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic (2 to 6-7)

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6
Q

conservation

A

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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7
Q

egocentrism

A

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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8
Q

theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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9
Q

concrete operational stage

A

Piaget’s theory - cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (6-7 to 11)

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10
Q

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind

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11
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the fear of strangers - happens around 8 months

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12
Q

attachment

A

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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13
Q

critical period

A

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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14
Q

imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

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15
Q

self-concept

A

our understanding and evaluation of who we are

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16
Q

gender

A

the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

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17
Q

aggression

A

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

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18
Q

X chromosome

A

found in both men and women - females have 2 X chromosomes; males have one

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19
Q

Y chromosome

A

only found in males - when paried with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

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20
Q

testosterone

A

the most important of the male sex hormones

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21
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

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22
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

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23
Q

identity

A

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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24
Q

social identity

A

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

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25
Q

emerging adulthood

A

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-20s, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

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26
Q

zygote

A

the fertilized egg

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27
Q

embryo

A

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

28
Q

fetus

A

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

29
Q

teratogens

A

agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

30
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

31
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

32
Q

cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

33
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget’s theory - infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities (birth - 2)

34
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

35
Q

formal operational stage

A

Piaget’s theory - cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts (begins around 12)

36
Q

temperament

A

a person’s characteristics emotional reactivity and intensity

37
Q

basic trust

A

Erikson - a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

38
Q

role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

39
Q

gender roles

A

a set of expected behaviors for males and for females

40
Q

gender identity

A

our sense of being male or female

41
Q

gender typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

42
Q

social learning theory

A

we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

43
Q

adolescence

A

the transition from childhood to adulthood - puberty to independence

44
Q

puberty

A

period of sexual maturation - capable of reproducing

45
Q

menarche

A

the first menstraul period

46
Q

intimacy

A

Erikson - ability to form close, loving relationships - late adolescence and early adulthood

47
Q

menopause

A

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

48
Q

cross-sectional study

A

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

49
Q

longitudinal study

A

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

50
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

51
Q

fluid intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

52
Q

social clock

A

the culturally perferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

53
Q

scaffold

A

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

54
Q

strange situation

A

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed

55
Q

secure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return

56
Q

insecure attachment

A

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

57
Q

sex

A

the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females

58
Q

relational aggression

A

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

59
Q

androgyny

A

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

60
Q

transgender

A

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

61
Q

spermarche

A

first ejaculation

62
Q

Intersex

A

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

63
Q

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

A

sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV, resulting in damage to the immune system - depletes the immune system. leaving a person vulnerable to inflection

64
Q

sexual orientation

A

our enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

65
Q

neurocognitive disorders

A

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

66
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

AP PSYCH (swapped) (9 decks)

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