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IGCSE History > Unit 6 (2) > Flashcards

Unit 6 (2) Flashcards

1
Q

USSR’s main goals after WWII [3]

A
  1. Spread communism
  2. Use resources to build USSR
  3. Create a buffer zone to the West of USSR
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2
Q

What were the two pacts that communist countries had to be apart of? [4]

A
  1. COMECON- economic assistance council
  2. Warsaw Pact- mutual defense treaty
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3
Q

What caused Hungary to rebel? [4]

A
  1. Long term anger
  2. Politics- communist had rigged the system
  3. Repression- USSR controlled many parts of Hungary
  4. Religion- communism didn’t allow religious beliefs
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4
Q

Why did Hungarians think that change might be possible? [3]

A
  1. Thought UN and US would step in
  2. Stalin dead- Russia might be less strict
  3. Poland rose up and got some change
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5
Q

When did the Hungarian uprising begin?

A

23 October 1956

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6
Q

Timeline of the Uprising [7]

A

23 Oct ‘56- Students protest + open fire
24- Soviet troops sent, more support gained in Hungary, Nagy appointed as PM (he promises free elections).
25- Protestors take control of the country- Nagy still PM
28- USSR troops removed.
29- Reform, political prisoners released, Nagy declares Hungary is leaving Warsaw
1 Nov- Nagy asks UN for help
4- USSR troops overtake the country + appoint new leader

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7
Q

What is the Czechoslovakian reform called?

A

Prague Spring

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8
Q

When does Prague Spring begin?

A

Jan 5 1968

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9
Q

What caused Czech to want change?

A
  1. Economy struggles
  2. Political Changes
    –> Alexander Dubcek proposed reforms
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10
Q

What was made clear when Dubcek wanted reform? [2]

A
  1. Promised to stay in the Warsaw
  2. Kept their foreign policy the same
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11
Q

What did the Soviet do in response to Czech? [3]

A
  1. West was ‘planning an attack’
  2. USSR asked to send troops to Czech to keep the country safe
    –> Dubcek refused
  3. Troops from Warsaw countries invaded Czech
    –> Didn’t fight back
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12
Q

Why was the Brezhnev Doctrine created?

A

Brezhnev was scared other countries would follow Czech’s steps

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13
Q

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine? [3]

A
  1. Communist countries should be mindful of how their actions impacted other states.
  2. one-party system in each country
  3. All countries to stay apart of the Warsaw Pact
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14
Q

What was the Period of Normalization? [2]

A
  1. Czechoslovakia closely monitored
  2. Soviet army and KGB used
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15
Q

Similarities in Revolts (Hungary and Czech) [5]

A
  1. long term resentment to USSR
  2. wanted more rights for people
  3. Protests
  4. USSR feared it would spread
  5. The world was against USSR’s actions
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16
Q

Differences in Revolt (Hungary and Czech) [4]

A
  1. Hungary inspired by Poland, Czech by itself
  2. Hungary wanted to pull away from USSR
  3. Hungary’s people acted, Czech’s gov
  4. Fought against USSR, Czech didn’t try
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17
Q

When was the Berlin wall built?

A

13 August 1961

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18
Q

Why was the Berlin Wall built?

A

To separate east and west Germany + prevent People from leaving East

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19
Q

Why were people leaving East Berlin? [3]

A
  1. Quality of Life
  2. Economy/ financial help
  3. East Germany under communism
20
Q

How did the mass movement impact East Germany? [3]

A
  1. Brain Drain
  2. Lost many skilled workers
    –> 1960- 61% working age
  3. Bad propaganda for East/communism
21
Q

West’s reaction to the Berlin Wall [5]

A
  1. No reaction
  2. Interests weren’t affected
  3. Troops could be sent to W. Berlin
  4. Less risk of being invaded
  5. Horrible propaganda for the East
22
Q

When did the strike in Poland start?

23
Q

Why did the strike in Poland Start? [3]

A
  1. prices of goods raised
  2. limited rising wages
  3. Ordinary faced extreme poverty
24
Q

How did Solidarity Form? [5]

A
  1. 14 August 1980- Lenin Shipyard workers strike
  2. Strikes lasted a week
  3. Communist gov tried to isolate them
  4. received support from countries
  5. 21 demands
  6. 2 weeks later ‘Solidarity’ a trade union formed
25
Who was the Leader of Solidarity?
Lech Walesa (electrician)
26
When did Solidarity end?
December 13 1981- Gov declared war and banned solidarity
27
How did Solidarity succeed when other didn't? [4]
1. Movement had committee, newspaper etc. 2. Their demands included national issues 3. They never used violence 4. 10 million people supported
28
How was solidarity outlawed? [2]
1. Claimed they were planning a coup 2. they were arrested
29
When did Solidarity return?
April 1989
30
Why was Solidarity re-welcomed?
1. Mikhail Gorbachev became leader 2. introduced reforms in easter blocs 3. released political prisoners 4. 1988- strikes restarted so gov met up with Walesa to discuss 5. Solidarity member won elections and became a PM
31
Mikhail Gorbachev's Bg [3]
1. born into a peasant family 2. trained as a lawyer 3. joined communist party
32
Mikhail Gorbachev political career
General secretary of communist party
33
Mikhail Gorbachev character and outlook
Realist
34
What changes in Russia did Gorbachev bring? [3]
1. Soviet nukes removed 2. USSR troops removed from Afghanistan 3. End of USSR empire
35
What changed did Gorbachev bring to Eastern Europe? [3]
1. Poland, Hungary, Lithuania free 2. Berlin wall removed 3. Germany reunited
36
What did Gorbachev want?
1. Reform 2. Drive USSR forward 3. modernize Soviet economy 4. tackle corruption + alcoholism
37
What were his two Key policies?
1. Glasnost 2. Perestroika
38
What was Glasnost [6]
1. Meant openness 2. Reforms 3. Freedom of Media 4. Freedom of expression 5. revealed hidden parts of their past Aim: introduce openness to society
39
What was Perestroika? [7]
1. Meant restructuring 2. Reform 3. Private ownership of industry 4. freedom in imports/exports 5. Trade with non-eastern bloc allowed 6. Increased production of consumer good Aim: make soviet economy modern + efficient
40
What encouraged action in Eastern Europe during Gorbachev? [3]
1. Gorbachev thought the countries should choose their own destiny 2. Made it clear USSR would not stand in the way of for another country's reform 3. Troops wouldn't be used to keep countries under USSR
41
What were the main reasons Gorbachev brought change? [3]
1. He wanted Reform 2. Economically, USSR was down 3. Main Priority: reforming USSR
42
The role of other countries in steps towards independence [8]
1. Poland: Solidarity --> showed peaceful protests could work 2. Hungary: Democracy package --> gained rights for their people 3. East Germany: Mass emigration --> reunited 4. Romania: Military refused to open fire to protestors --> Leader had to flee the country
43
What external factors led to the fall of the Soviet Empire?
1. War in Afghanistan: - USSR lost (economy and military) 2. US- Ronal Reagan - Increased military by 1/3 - Wanted end to cold war - mutual agreement to take out nukes
44
Who was Ronald Raegan [3]
1. Pre-politics: Actor 2. President in 1980 3. Humorous and remembered
45
Who is in charge of the collapse of Soviet Power? [4]
1. Not only Gorbachev - Made a way for change 2. Popular movements - Allowed to seize power
46
When did the Soviet Empire fall?
May 1991

IGCSE History (7 decks)

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