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AP Bio T2 > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Reproductive diapause

A

A period during which growth and development is suspended and physiological activity is diminished in response to adverse environmental conditions

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2
Q

Cleavage

A

A repeating set of mitotic divisions without cell growth between division cycle

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3
Q

Cleavage leads to the

A

Development of a multicellular stage called a blastula which then forms gastrula in which layers of tissue form that will eventually develop into body parts

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4
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Any cut through the center of the org would produce mirror images

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5
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Org that has left/right side that are mirror images of each other

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6
Q

Animals w bilateral symmetry have developed

A

Cephalization: development of a head/brain at one end if the org usually the anterior end

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7
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer of the embryo that becomes the skin and in some animals the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost germ layer that beomes most of internal orgs

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9
Q

Diploblastic

A

Animals w 2 germ layers

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10
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer that becomes muscle and bone

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11
Q

Triploblastic

A

Animals w all 3 germ layers

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12
Q

Body cavity

A

Coelom: mesoderm lined cavity in body between gut and outer body wall

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13
Q

Coelomates

A

Have a true body cavity and all 3 germ layers completely surrounded by tissue

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14
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Have a boy cavity but not a true one bc its only partially lined w tissue has all 3 germ layers

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15
Q

Acoelomates

A

Have no body cavity amd all 3 getm layers stacked on top of each other

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16
Q

Spiral cleavage

A

Cells are not lined up w each other

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17
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

It is determined very early what each cell is going to become

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18
Q

Protosome development

A

Spiral cleavage, determinate cleavage, mouth is first to develop from the blastopore

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19
Q

Radial cleavage

A

Cell lined up one on top of the other

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20
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

Cells of the early embryo are not specialized and could develop into a complete animal

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21
Q

Deuterostome development

A

Radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage, anus first to develop from blastopore

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22
Q

Hierarchial organization of cells

A

Cells tissues organs organ systems

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23
Q

Regulator

A

Uses internal me hanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

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24
Q

Conformer

A

Allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the environment

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25
Negative feedback
Control mechanism that reduces or damps the stimulus
26
Positive feedback
Control mechanism that amplifies the response
27
Estivation
Response in which animals slow their activity for the hot dry summer months
28
Thermoregulation
Process by which animals maintain an internal temp within a tolerable range
29
Endotherm
Org that is warmed bt heat genersted by their own metabolism
30
Ectotherm
Org for which the external sources provide most of the heat for temp regulation
31
Countercurrent exchange
The transfer of heat or other solutes such as oxygen between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions
32
Sensors for thermoregulation are concentrated in
Hypothalamus
33
When temps get cold
Inhibit heat loss mechanisms and activate heat saving ones like vasoconstriction or raising of fur
34
When temps is high
Vasodilations sweating panting to promote cooling of the body
35
Bioenergetics
The overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal determines nutritional needs and is related to the animal size activity and environment
36
Metabolic rate
Amount of energy and animal uses in one unit of time
37
Energy budgets
The ways in which animals use the chemical energy of food depends on the environment behavior size and Thermo regulation
38
Torpor
Physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism (hibernation/estivation)
39
Taxis
The automatic movement toward or away from a stimulus
40
Kinesis
Simple change in activity rate in response to a stimulus
41
Muscle made up of
Fasicles: densely packed groups of elongated cells that are made up of muscle fibers
42
Muscle fiber made of
Muscle fiber(single cell w many nuclei) made of myofibrils
43
Myofibril made of
Sarcomeres which are made if thin filaments and thick filaments
44
Sarcomere structure
Made of thin filaments called actin and thick filaments called myosin
45
Angie needed for repeated muscle contractions is stored in
Creatine phosphate and glycogen
46
Creatine
Compound that can quickly make ATP by transferring a phosphate group to ADP
47
Glycogen
Broken down into glucose which is used in glycolysis and aerobic respiration to make ATP
48
Gastrovascular cavity
Function and bowtie Justin and distribution of nutrients only one opening where food comes in and out ex ctenophores
49
Complete Digestive tract
Have specialized tubes one way between the mouth and anus ex nematodes
50
Mechanical digestion
Chewing and saliva to soften food
51
Chemical digestion
Saliva contains salivary amylase which begins digesting carbs
52
The esophagus
Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach
53
The stomach
Secretes gastric juice containing pepsin that has low pH and is used to hydrolyze proteins
54
Small intestine
Where breakdown of food is and nutrients absorbed into blood Liver secrets bile to digest fats Pancreatic juice breakdown carbs fats proteins Villi microvilli
55
Large intestine
Absorb remaining water and forming feces
56
Open circulation
Transport system in which the heart pumps blood into cavities where it bathes the organs directly and mixes with the interestitual fluid Hemolymph
57
Hemolymph
Mix between blood and interstitial fluid
58
Closed circulation
Blood is contained within vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid
59
Chamber of fish? Amphibs? Mammals?
Fish 2 Amphibs 3 two atria one ventricle Mam 4
60
Lost fluid and proteins return to the blood via
Lymphatic system
61
Lymphatic system
Fluid it carries called lymph | Lymph nodes filter lymph and attach viruses and bact- swell when fighting infection bc more white blood cells
62
Gas exchange respiration
Uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and discharge of carbon dioxide
63
Cell surface respiration
Gas is diffuse through plasma membrane to outer environment ex sponges
64
Skin respiration
Example earthworms
65
Gil respiration
Water in mouth and flow over gills, capillaries in gill pick up o2, blood flows opposite direction to max absorption of oxygen
66
Tracheal respiration
Insects - one large trachae open to outside w smaller tubes extending to surface where gas exchange occurs no capillary beds
67
Lungs repiration
Uses cirulatory to help- contains dense network of capillaries where gas exchange takes place
68
Main breathing control centers located in
Medulla oblongata | Pons
69
Medulla sets basic breathing rhythm and pons moderates it
Sensors in carotid and aorta that send signals to medulla which can change breath rate
70
Sensors in carotid and aorta monitor
O2 and co2 concentrations and blood pH bc if low means low o2
71
Oxygen is carried by respiratory pigments called
Hemoglobin which consists of four subunits each of which has a heme group that has an iron atom at its center- which binds 4 o2 molecules- after first binds its changes shape so others can bind
72
Bohr effect
Decrease in blood pH causes hemoglobin to release oxygen so it can be used for cellular respiration
73
Myoglobin
Enhances the movement of oxygen from blood to muscles
74
Co2 transport
Most react w water to form bicarbonate ions that are carried in blood towards lungs 23% carried to lungs by hemoglobin 7% carried in blood plasma as dissolved co2
75
Osmoregulation
The regulation of water loss and gain
76
Pure ammonia excreted
Aquatic animals- conserves energy by excretion into freshwater
77
Production of urea
Soluble form of nitrogen waste made by liver when ammonia + co2
78
Production of uric acid
Insoluble form of nitrogen waste much less toxic - birds poop
79
2 regions of kidneys
Renal cortex and inter renal medulla - packed w nephrins which are functional units of kidney
80
Nephrons consist of
Single long tubule And ball of capillaries called glomerulus- surrounded by bowmans capsule
81
Function of kidneys
Regulate salt balance in blood Excrete nitrogenous waste Filter blood Retain water
82
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Promotes the retention of water by the kidneys
83
Mineralocorticoids
Promotes the reabsorption of sodium excretion of potassium in the kidneys

AP Bio T2 (3 decks)

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