Unit 6: for midterm 1

Question 1

edema

Answer 1

fluid excess in interstitial compartment causing swelling, localized or systemic effects, and impairing tissue perfusion

Question 2

causes, physiology and outcome of increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 2

cause: higher blood pressure, increased blood volume

forces increase fluid out of capillaries into tissues

increased volume of blood (hypervolemia): heart failure, kidney disease, premenstrual sodium retention, pregnancy, heat stress

venous obstruction (DVT): liver disease with portal vein obstructions, acute pulmunary edema, venus thrombosis (thrombophlebitis)

decreased arteriolar resistance: calcium channel blocking drug response

Question 3

causes, physiology and outcome of loss of plasma protein (albumin)

Answer 3

plasma proteins exert osmotic force needed to pull fluid into the capillaries

outcomes: protein losing kidney diseases, extensive burns,

decreased production of plasma proteins: liver disease, starvation, malnutrition

Question 4

causes, physiology and outcome of obstruction of lymphatic circulation

Answer 4

excessive fluid and protein not returned to general circulation

causes: malignant obstruction of lymph, surgical removal of lymph nodes

outcome: localized edema

Question 5

causes, physiology and outcome of increased capillary permeability

Answer 5

causes: inflammation, infection, histamines increasing membrane permeability, fluid and protein leak out into interstital space, tissue injury, burns, malignant tumours, bacterial toxins

outcome: localized or widespread edema

Question 6

effects of edema

Answer 6

swelling (local, organs (brain, larynx, lungs)

pitting edema

functional impairment: hoint movement, breathing, digestion, cardiac function

pain (nerves, cerebral edma causing headaches)

circulatory impairment (less oxygen to tissue, veins causing pressure ulcers and clots)

Question 7

dehydration and how compartments of body react

Answer 7

insufficient body fluids

fluid loss in one compartment causes fluid to shift into compartment

extracellular compartments (blood, interstitial fluid, CSF, transcellular secreations (joint fluid, pericardial fluid))

Question 8

causes of dehydration

Answer 8

inadequate intake: elederly, unconscious

excessive losses: vommiting, diarrhea, sweating, diabetic ketoacidosis (loosing dluid, electrolytes, glucose)

Question 9

effects of dehydration and compensation

Answer 9

e: dry mouth, decreased skin elasticity (turgor), decreased bp, fatigue, confusion, unconsciousness, increased hematocrit

compensation: increased thirst, HR, conttict cutaneous vessels (cool and pale skin), decreased urine output

Question 10

third spacing causing and effects

Answer 10

fluid shift from blood into body cavity or tissue, no longer available as circulating fluid

Question 11

signs and symptoms of fluid excess and deficit

Answer 11

edema vs dehydration

local swelling vs sunken soft eyes
pale,gray, red skin vs decreased elasticity of skin, dry mucous membranes
weight gain vs thirst and weightloss
slow pulse, high bp vs rapid weak pulse, low bp, orthostatic hypotension

lathargy and seizure vs fatigue weakness, dizziness, stupor

pulmunary congestion, cough vs increased body temp

lab values:

low hematocrit vs high
decreased serum sodium vs increased electrolytes

urine low spec gravity, high volume vs high spec gravity and low volume