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Psych > Unit 6 (Learning) > Flashcards

Unit 6 (Learning) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Learning?

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience

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2
Q

Behavioral Approaches

A
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Operant Conditioning
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3
Q

Cognitive Approaches

A
  • Latent Learning
  • Social Learning
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4
Q

Ian Pavlov

A

Classical Conditioning - Russian psychologist, who won a Nobel Prize in 1904 for his study of the process of digestion

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5
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  • Event-Event Learning (Two things associated with each other)
  • Learning by association - Learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus elicits a similar response to one that was originally elicited by another stimulus as a result of pairing or association of the two stimuli
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6
Q

Principles of Classical Conditioning

A
  • “Conditioned” learned
  • “Unconditioned” not learned (i.e. reflexive)
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7
Q

Discrimination Training

A

A difference between the stimuli

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8
Q

Gereralize

A

Broadly/Apply to other situations

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9
Q

Extinction

A

Decrease in behavior/response

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10
Q

Aquisition

A

Stage of classical conditioning which the controlled stimuli and the uncontrolled stimuli are paired and the strength of the cr increases

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11
Q

Generalization

A

Process by which CR is elicited by stimuli different form, but similar to, CS

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12
Q

Discrimination

A

Learning to differentiate between different stimuli, emitting the CR in the presence of some stimuli and not others

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13
Q

Frequency of Pairings

A

The more frequent the CS is paired with the UCS, the stronger the CR will be

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14
Q

Timing

A

The closer together the CS and UCS are paired, the stronger the CS will be

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15
Q

Intensity of Unconditioned Stimulus

A

The stronger the UCS, the faster the conditioning

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16
Q

Systemic Desensitization

A

Conditioning technique where goal is to gradually teach patients to associate positive feelings with a previously feared stimulus

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17
Q

Advertisements

A

Pair products (cs) with sexual images (ucs) to elicit desire for product (cr)

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18
Q

Cravings

A

Food - Eating specific food in specific setting
Drug - Exposure to previous drug related cues leads to cravings

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19
Q

Taste Aversion

A

Dislike of a food based on a bad experience with it

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20
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Behavior-Event (consequence) learning
Learning y Effect
Learning process in which the consequences of response determine the probability that the response will be repeated

21
Q

Thorndike’s “Law of Effect”

A

Reponses that have satisfying effects are more likely to be repeated, while those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to be repeated

22
Q

“Skinner Box” (Operant Conditioning Chamber)

A

Base - rate of response - number of times lever is pressed as animal experiences environment before reward is dispensed. After giving a reward for pressing the lever, the rate of lever pressing will increase. The learning that occurs is the rate of response, not its nature.

23
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforces successive approximations of the response you want to condition

24
Q

Acquisition

A

Process in operant conditioning in which the rate of a reinforced response increases

25
Q

Extinction

A

Decrease in rate of response as reinforcers are withheld

26
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Return of extinguished response following rest interval

27
Q

Generalization

A

A process in which responses that are conditioned in the presence of a specific stimulus appears in the presence of another, similar stimulus

28
Q

Discrimination Training

A

Where responses made to appropriate stimuli will be reinforced, while responses made to inappropriate stimuli will be ignored or extinguished

29
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Behavior -> Event of adding or giving something -> behavior increases

30
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Behavior -> Event of subtracting or taking something away -> behavior increases

31
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

Rule describing the contingency between a behavior and reinforcement

32
Q

Schedule effects

A

Distinctive rate and pattern of behavior associated with a particular reinforcement schedule

33
Q

Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)

A
  • Every response is reinforced
  • Useful in shaping
  • Not typical in real world, may lead to reinforcer station
34
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A
  • Every response is NOT reinforced
  • Produce predictable patterns of behavior
    (measured using a cumulative record)
35
Q

Fixed

A

Number or time between reinforcements is set and unchanging

36
Q

Variable

A

Number or time between reinforcements varies or changes

37
Q

Ratio

A

Schedule is based on number of responses between reinforcement

38
Q

Interval

A

Schedule is based on time between reinforcement

39
Q

Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforcement contingent on number of responses

40
Q

Fixed Ratio (FR)

A

Number of responses needed for reinforcement is set
- FR10: 10 responses = 1 reward
- Post-Reinforcement pause
- Examples: Piecework

41
Q

Variable Ratio (VR)

A

Number of responses needed for a reinforcement varies around mean
- VR10: On average, 10 responses = 1 reward
- Little post-reinforcement pause

42
Q

Interval Schedules

A

Reinforcement contingent on response occurring after certain amount of time since last reinforcement

43
Q

Fixed Interval (FI)

A

Same time interval on each trial
- FI30s: Response -> reinforcer, then for 30s no reinforcer, then response -> reinforcer

44
Q

Variable Interval (VI)

A

Time intervals vary around a mean
- VI30s: On average, 30s intervals between reinforcers
- Steady response rate

45
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

Involves the acquisition of knowledge or understanding, which may or may not be reflected in behavior.
Focuses on changes that occur in an organism’s systems of mental representations of itself and its world.

46
Q

Latent Learning (aka hidden learning)

A

Performance is different from learning

47
Q

Social Learning

A

Emphasizes learning as a social activity; learning often takes place through the observation and imitation of models
- Social because it is learned from others
- Cognitive because they are changes in cognitions and may not be expressed in behavior

48
Q

Bondura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

A

Preschoolers watched adults interact with Bobo dolls
- Aggressive behavior
- Reward/Punishment
Preschoolers mimicked adult interactions with dolls
Conclusions:
- Learning can take place in absence of reinforcement
- Learning can happen from observing others

Psych (6 decks)

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