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OB/PEDS > Unit 6 OB > Flashcards

Unit 6 OB Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main shunts present in fetal circulation?

A

Ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale

These shunts allow blood to bypass the lungs and liver during fetal development.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?

A

Allows mixing of blood between the aorta and pulmonary artery

This helps to bypass the non-functioning fetal lungs.

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3
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus at birth?

A

It closes due to pressure changes

This completes the transition to extrauterine circulation.

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4
Q

What condition results from a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Increased pulmonary blood flow

This can lead to various clinical presentations including heart failure.

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5
Q

What is a common clinical presentation of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Systolic murmur, wide pulse pressure, bounding pulses

Patients may also be asymptomatic or present with heart failure.

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6
Q

What is a Ventricular Septal Defect?

A

An opening between the ventricles that causes blood to shunt left to right

This results in high pressure to low pressure blood flow.

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7
Q

What are the clinical presentations of a Ventricular Septal Defect?

A

Asymptomatic, failure to thrive, tachypnea, fatigue, heart murmur

Severe cases may lead to heart failure.

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8
Q

What diagnostic tool is used for Ventricular Septal Defect?

A

Echocardiogram

This imaging technique helps visualize the defect.

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9
Q

What treatment options are available for moderate to large Ventricular Septal Defect?

A

Medications (diuretics) and surgery to close the opening with a patch

Medications help delay surgery and prevent heart failure.

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10
Q

What is an Atrial Septal Defect?

A

Failure of the foramen ovale to close

This results in left to right shunting of blood.

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11
Q

What are common clinical presentations of Atrial Septal Defect?

A

Often asymptomatic, irregular heartbeat, failure to thrive, murmur

Many cases are discovered in adulthood.

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12
Q

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

A congenital heart defect with four specific anomalies

It includes pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect, and overriding aorta.

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13
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Cyanosis, heart murmur, irritability, poor weight gain

‘Tet spells’ may occur during feeding or crying.

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14
Q

What is the main complication of Coarctation of the Aorta?

A

Differences in blood pressure between upper and lower extremities

This can lead to left ventricular overload.

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15
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Coarctation of the Aorta?

A

Asymptomatic to severe symptoms such as pallor, irritability, dyspnea

Severe cases may show absence of femoral pulses.

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16
Q

What is Endocarditis?

A

Bacterial infection on a heart valve

It often affects those with congenital heart disease.

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17
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of subacute Endocarditis?

A

Low-grade fever, diaphoresis, exercise intolerance, fatigue

Acute forms present with high fever and rapid decline.

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18
Q

What is the primary treatment for Endocarditis?

A

Antibiotics (2-6 weeks IV)

Treatment duration may vary based on severity.

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19
Q

What defines heart failure in children?

A

Low cardiac output

Congenital causes can lead to high cardiac output failure.

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20
Q

What are common clinical presentations of heart failure in children under 5?

A

Abdominal pain, decreased appetite, fatigue, recurrent cough

Symptoms differ with age and severity.

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21
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Excess loss of free water in the body

Most commonly caused by diarrhea and vomiting.

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22
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of dehydration?

A

Weight loss, dry mucous membranes, lethargy, sunken eyes

Severity can vary based on age and condition.

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23
Q

What constitutes Failure to Thrive?

A

Weight below the 5th percentile or decreased weight by more than 2 major percentiles

Causes can be organic or inorganic.

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24
Q

What are common complications associated with Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate?

A

Feeding issues, speech production problems, ear infections

Hearing loss is also common due to the connections with the middle ear.

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25
What is the treatment for Cleft Lip?
Cheiloplasty at 2-3 months ## Footnote Followed by palatoplasty for cleft palate repair at 9-18 months.
26
What are the clinical presentations of Appendicitis?
RLQ pain, guarding, lack of appetite, fever ## Footnote Rebound tenderness is also a common sign.
27
What is GERD?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease due to a weakened lower esophageal sphincter ## Footnote Symptoms can include heartburn and regurgitation.
28
What is the most common surgical condition in infants under 6 months?
Pyloric Stenosis ## Footnote Characterized by projectile vomiting and poor weight gain.
29
What dietary change is necessary for Celiac Disease?
Gluten-free diet ## Footnote This helps restore damage to the small intestine.
30
What is Intussusception?
Obstruction of the bowel due to one part telescoping into another ## Footnote It commonly presents with abdominal pain and the hallmark 'currant jelly' stool.
31
What are the symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa?
Low body weight, excessive exercise, amenorrhea, fatigue ## Footnote Patients may also have dental issues and muscle wasting.
32
What are the clinical features of Bulimia Nervosa?
Induced vomiting, use of diuretics, throat discomfort ## Footnote Eroded enamel on teeth and profound dehydration are common.
33
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
Dysfunction of the pituitary gland affecting ADH production ## Footnote Can be central (insufficient ADH) or nephrogenic (kidneys do not respond to ADH).
34
What is the treatment for Central Diabetes Insipidus?
Desmopressin (synthetic ADH) ## Footnote Thiazide diuretics are used for nephrogenic diabetes.
35
What is Congenital Hypothyroidism?
Underdevelopment of the thyroid gland ## Footnote Screening at birth is essential for early detection.
36
What are the signs of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss ## Footnote Symptoms often appear during ages 5-7 or puberty.
37
What are common symptoms of urinary tract infections in infants?
Nonspecific fever, irritability, abdominal fullness ## Footnote Symptoms can vary based on age and severity.
38
What is the smell associated with ketones?
Fruity breath
39
What are some signs (Sx) of hypoglycemia?
* Pallor * Sweating * Headache * Irregular heartbeat * Fatigue * Irritability * Dizziness
40
What are urinary tract infections caused by?
Bacteria entering the urinary tract
41
How are urinary tract infections classified?
Divided into lower and upper urinary tract infections
42
What are the symptoms of urinary tract infections in infants (2 days to 1 year)?
* Nonspecific fever * Irritability * Abdominal fullness * Foul-smelling urine * Poor growth * Poor feeding * Vomiting * Diarrhea * Weight loss
43
What are the symptoms of urinary tract infections in toddlers (1 year to 3 years)?
* Fever * Chills * Poor appetite * Vomiting * Urinary frequency * Incontinence after toilet training * Flank pain
44
What are the symptoms of urinary tract infections in children and adolescents (4 years to 20 years)?
* Dysuria * Urge to urinate * Frequent urination * Abdominal or flank pain * Urinary burning * Fever * Constipation * Incontinence in a previously continent child * Chills
45
What is the diagnostic test for urinary tract infections?
UA with culture
46
What are the treatments for urinary tract infections?
* Antibiotics * Analgesics/Tylenol * Frequent toileting * Proper hygiene * Supportive care
47
What is glomerulonephritis?
Inflammatory response that occurs when glomerular capillaries become blocked
48
What are some consequences of glomerulonephritis?
* Water retention * Sodium retention * Decreased urine production * Edema
49
What are the risk factors for glomerulonephritis?
History of streptococcal bacterial skin or throat infection
50
What are the clinical presentations of glomerulonephritis?
* Reduced urine output * Oliguria * Hematuria * Tea-colored urine * Periorbital edema * Proteinuria
51
What diagnostics are used for glomerulonephritis?
* 24-hour urine (presence of protein and blood) * CBC (normal) * CMP (elevated BUN and creatinine, decreased GFR)
52
What supportive treatments are used for glomerulonephritis?
* Reducing water intake * Reducing sodium * Measuring intake and output * Daily weights * Antibiotics
53
What is nephrotic syndrome?
Increased protein permeability in glomerular membranes
54
What are the clinical presentations of nephrotic syndrome?
* Fatigue * Foamy urine * Proteinuria * Hematuria * Significant edema (periorbital and abdominal)
55
What is the treatment for nephrotic syndrome?
* Oral corticosteroids (12-week course) * Supportive care
56
What is cryptorchidism?
One or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum before birth
57
What is the treatment for cryptorchidism?
Orchiopexy
58
What characterizes epispadias?
Urethral meatus located on the top of the penis
59
What characterizes hypospadias?
Urethral meatus located on the bottom of the penis
60
What is a hydrocele?
Fluid in the scrotum causing painless swelling
61
What is the treatment for hydrocele?
* Monitor * Typically resolves on its own * Surgery if needed
62
What is Wilms tumor?
Nephroblastoma
63
What are the clinical presentations of Wilms tumor?
* Palpable, nontender abdominal flank mass * Fever * Decreased appetite * Weight loss * Hematuria * Hypercalcemia
64
What are the treatments for Wilms tumor?
* Nephrectomy (bilateral or unilateral) * Chemotherapy * Radiation
65
What is iron deficiency anemia?
Most common hematological deficiency of children globally today
66
When do iron stores deplete in infants?
By 4 months of age
67
What does AAP recommend for breastfed babies starting at 4 months?
Starting iron supplements
68
What foods are recommended to prevent iron deficiency anemia?
* Red meat * Seafood * Poultry * Eggs * Iron-fortified cereal * Tofu * Lentils * Dark green leafy vegetables
69
What are the clinical presentations of iron deficiency anemia?
* Asymptomatic * Decreased energy * Poor feeding * Tachypnea * Irritability
70
What is the treatment for iron deficiency anemia?
Ferrous sulfate oral or IV
71
What is PICA?
Craving to eat non-food items
72
What effects can iron deficiency anemia have on overall health?
* Impaired cognitive function * Developmental and growth delays * Impaired exercise capacity * Restless leg syndrome * Negative effects on mental health
73
What types of hemophilia exist?
* Hemophilia A * Hemophilia B
74
What is hemophilia A characterized by?
Insufficient or absent factor VIII
75
What is hemophilia B characterized by?
Insufficient or absent factor IX
76
What are the clinical presentations of hemophilia?
* Bleeding or bruising easily * Hemarthrosis (bleeding in the joints)
77
What is the treatment for hemophilia?
* RICE * Replace clotting factors * Desmopressin * Aminocaproic acid
78
What precautions should be taken for patients with hemophilia?
* Avoid contact sports * Encourage ice packs and immobilization * Wear a medical alert bracelet
79
What is seborrheic dermatitis also known as?
Cradle cap
80
What causes seborrheic dermatitis?
Inflammation of the sebaceous glands
81
What is the treatment for seborrheic dermatitis?
* Emollients or mineral oil * Soft brush to remove scales * Mild shampoo * Ketoconazole if persistent
82
What is atopic dermatitis?
Eczema, a chronic disorder leading to skin inflammation
83
What are the clinical presentations of atopic dermatitis?
* Pruritus * Skin flaking * Inflammation * Reddened lesions (solid or fluid-filled vesicles)
84
What is the treatment for atopic dermatitis?
* Hydrate skin with fragrance-free emollients * Reduce triggers * Topical corticosteroids * Tacrolimus ointment * Antihistamines
85
What causes acne?
* Excessive sebum production * Debris blocks follicle * Inflammation and bacteria collect
86
What are the types of acne?
* Infantile acne * Mid-childhood and pre-adolescent acne * Adolescent acne
87
What is the treatment for acne?
* Wash face 2x daily with pH balancing product * Topical agents like benzoyl peroxide * Oral antibiotics * Hormonal medications * Isotretinoin
88
What precautions are associated with isotretinoin treatment?
* 2 forms of contraception * 2 negative pregnancy tests before initiation * Monthly pregnancy tests * Monitor for depression and suicidal thoughts

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