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unit 6 study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

normal microbiota that protects the body by competing with pathogens to prevent invasion

A

microbial antagonism

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2
Q

areas of the body considered sterile/microbe-free

A

lower respiratory tract, upper urinogenital tract, CSF, internal organs/tissues, blood

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3
Q

3 reasons why microbes become pathogenic

A

immunocompromised host
imbalance in normal flora
normal flora in wrong part of body

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4
Q

candida albicans is a member of normal microbiota for humans. why doesn’t it cause disease?

A

other normal microbiota compete with candida for resources, keeping them from going pathogenic

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5
Q

why is staph aureus considered an opportunistic pathogen and yersinia pestis is not?

A

s aureus inhabits nasal cavities by default, but it only causes disease if it inhabits somewhere else other than nasal cavities

y pestis is strictly associated with disease (plague); considred strict pathogen

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6
Q

why is m leprae a strict (primary) pathogen?

A

it causes leprosy and is only within individuals with the disease

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7
Q

stages of disease

A
  1. incubation. pathogen incubates ovr certain time in order to reproduce (varies)
  2. prodromal. (some infections skip this) mild symptom early onset
  3. illness. signs/symptoms are most severe. adaptive immunity not activated; failure of activation = death of host
  4. decline. adaptive immunity is activated and fights/clears infection. body returns to health
  5. convalescence. normal body function returns.
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8
Q

in what stages of disease is the patient asymptomatic?

A

incubation, sometimes convalescence

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9
Q

during which stages is a patient infective to others?

A

all five

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10
Q

disease with rapid onset/recovery (or death)

A

acute

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11
Q

disease with slow onset and long-lasting signs/symptoms

A

chronic

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12
Q

signs vs symptoms

A

signs - observable/measurable by another; redness, swelling, fever

symptoms- subjective to patient and cannot be seen - pain, fatigue

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13
Q

five mechanisms microbes use to avoid phagocytosis

A

inhibit adherence of phagocyte
kill phagocyte
escape phagolysosome
prevent phagolysosome formation
survive in phagolysosome

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14
Q

disease never eliminated from body

A

latent infection

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15
Q

after ingested by phagocyte, pathogen can avoid digestion by

A

preventing formation of phagolysosome, surviving digestion, or escaping

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16
Q

substrate of enzyme hyaluronidase

A

hyaluronic acid (connector is found in loose ct)

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17
Q

enzyme that destroys blood clots

A

kinase

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18
Q

enzyme that causes blood clots

A

coagulase

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19
Q

effect of superantigen on body

A

activates all helper cells that causes confusion between adaptive and innate immunity in body; cytokine storm

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20
Q

component of A-B exotoxin that is the active enzyme

A

the A component

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21
Q

component of A-B exotoxin that binds to target

A

the B component

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22
Q

component found in G (-) bacteria that is toxic to humans

A

lipid A (endotoxin) of lipopolysaccharide

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23
Q

class of endotoxin that include s tetanospasmin

A

neurotoxin

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24
Q

3 endotoxin classes

A

neurotoxin, enterotoxin, leukotoxin/cytotoxin

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25
how are endotoxins released?
via lysis of G (-) bacteria
26
the more virulence factors a microbe has,
the more virulent it is
27
does the number of microbes on host contribute to pathogen virulence?
no; it influences transmissibility and infection chance, not virulence
28
branch of science that studiese when, wheere, and how diseases occur
epidemiology
29
why is HIV considered communicable while lyme disease isn’t?
HIV is transmitted from person to person; lyme disease is vector borne and not obtained from another person
30
why is HIV communicable but not contagious?
HIV is not easily transmitted from person to person
31
prevalence vs incidence
prevalence - total overall cases incidence - new cases only
32
endemic, sporadic, epidemic, and pandemic
endemic = regular incidence disease that is always present sporadic = rare disease epidemic = greater incidence in one region during a time period pandemic = worldwide incidence
33
can a hospital be a reservoir of infection?
yes
34
can a person who appears healthy be a pathogen reservoir?
yes; they can be asymptomatic (carrier)
35
best reservoir of human pathogens
humans
36
pathogens that gain access to body via skin enter through:
hair follicles or sweat glands
37
frequent portals of entry
mucus membranes of upper respiratory tract
38
vehicle transmission vs vector transmission
vehicle = transmitte from fomite (non living thing) vector = transmitted from living organism
39
common fomites in hospital environment
beds, linens, glasses, needles, toilets, anything…
40
transmission involving bite from tick
vector
41
airborne vs droplet transmission
airborne = spread of pathogen farther than one meter droplet = spread of pathogen within one meter
42
transmission of getting flu after someone sneezes on u
droplet
43
mechanical vs biological vectors
biological = serves as host to pathogen mechanical = carries pathogen on body
44
mode of transmission that doesn't involve the pathogen growing inside the vector
transmission via mechanical vector
45
infection acquired during hospitalization
hospital-acquired infection (HAI)
46
main contributors to the incidence of nosocomial infections (HAIs)
many potential chains of transmission, immunocompromised hosts, pathogens present on hospital
47
best way to prevent HAIs
HAND WASHING!!!
48
untreated streptococcal pharyngitis leads to: (systemic diseases) (5)
rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, glomerulonephritis, necrotizing fasciitis, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
49
route of transmission associated with subacute endocarditis
dentistry facilitates entry of streptococcus via parenteral route
50
best way to prevent dental caries
proper flossing/tooth brushing after every meal
51
microbe responsible for causing dental caries
*streptococcus mutans*
52
infectious dose of *mycobacterium tuberculosis*
ingestion of between 1-10 bacilli
53
where do tubercles form?
primarily in alveoli of lungs, but can be formed wherever TB microbe is found
54
how many people in the world are infected with *m. tuberculosis?*
1.7 billion; 23% of the population
55
individuals most susceptible to *pneumocytis* pneumonia
immunocompromised people; ex. ppl with HIV
56
staphylococcal species prefer to grow in: (in terms of food poisoning)
high protein, high salt content
57
is *staphylococcal* enterotoxin produced by *s. aureus* in the intestines?
no; enterotoxin is produced while organism is outside the body, then ingestion follows
58
organ affected by acute endocarditis
heart (endocardium)
59
furuncle vs carbuncle
furuncle: superficial infections involving only epidermis (boil) carbuncle: subcutaneous (deep) infection of epidermis
60
folliculitis on eyelid
stye
61
why are IV drug users susceptible to acute endocarditis?
use of unsterile needles and injection technique results in *s. aureus* to enter the vein and route to the heart
62
chickenpox and shingles are both caused by
varicella zoster virus
63
human cells targeted by tetanospasmin
inhibitory interneueons in CNS
64
microbe that causes lockjaw
*clostridium tetani*
65
best method to prevent c. diff
proper handwashing
66
#1 cause of diarrhea in US
norovirus
67
characteristic sign of lyme disease that appears near bite site
bullseye rash with red rings, resembles target symbol (erythema migrans)
68
reservoir of *borrelia burgdorferi*
field mice, deer tick nymphs
69
3 phases of malarial paroxysm
1. chills 2. fever 3. heavy sweating repeats every 24-48hrs until successful treatment
70
swelling of brain that may lead to death
encephalitis
71
organ most affected by meningitis
swelling of meninges
72
unique signs/symptoms that help diagnose meningococcal meningitis
fast onset/progression, sore throat/stiff neck in 12-24hr, sleepiness, confusion, bulging eyeballs, petechiae on limbs
73
how many polio cases result in paralysis?
<1%
74
vector of west nile virus
culex mosquito (common house mosquito)
75
form of blindness cause by *chlamydia trachomitis* (infection of inner eyelid) that scratches cornea
trachoma
76
more likely to experience gonorrhea symptoms
the man
77
painless ulceration associated with primary syphilis
chancre
78
host of *t. gondii* that supports sexual stage of parasite
domestic house cats
79
organ most affected by infection with *angiostrongylus cantonensis*
brain
80
route of transmission of taeniasis
ingestion of raw/undercooked beef
81
animal that serves as intermediate host for *s. mansoni*
snails

bio265 (9 decks)

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