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AP Psych Unit 7 Review > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Adler (psychodynamic)

A

Individual Psychology- individuals are motivated to strive for superiority
-inferiority feelings motivate people to acquire new skills and develop new talents

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2
Q

Bandura (behavioral)

A

Social cognitive theory- learning from others can help mold personality because people actively seek out and process information about their environment to maximize favorable outcomes

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3
Q

Carl Rogers (humanism)

A

Person- Centered Theory
individuals have the resources for personality development and self-regulation
-known for the self concept (collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior aka mental picture of oneself)

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4
Q

Eysenck (biological view)

A

Biological view on personality- personality is mostly shaped by one’s genes

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5
Q

Jung (psychodynamic)

A

Analytic psychology- and individual’s unconscious (houses material that is not with in one’s conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten) and its relationship to the collective unconscious (a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past)

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6
Q

Maslow (humanism) (hierarchy of needs)

A

Theory of self-actualization- need to fulfill one’s potential
hierarchy of needs- a systematic arrangement of needs in order of priority (physiological needs, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization)

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7
Q

Skinner (behavioral)

A

When a person is exposed to a stimulus, a response is evoked, then response is reinforced

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8
Q

motivation

A

a reason for doing an action, involves goal-directed behavior

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9
Q

homeostasis

A

a state of physiological equilibrium or stability (sweating when hot, shivering when cold)

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10
Q

drive

A

an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension

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11
Q

drive theories

A

behavior originating from physiological need (drive state), geared to decrease the need/deficit
-includes food, water, air
-decision making does not count
-trying to maintain homeostasis

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12
Q

incentive theories

A

the need for a goal attainment/achievement
- intrinsic=reward comes from within
-extrinsic (reward is external)
overjustification effect= behavior decreases when extrinsic rewards are given for a behavior that was initially motivated intrinsically

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13
Q

Evolutionary theories

A

natural selection favors behaviors that maximize reproductive success

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14
Q

Hunger

A

regulated in the hypothalamus
-ghrelin and leptin control appetite and fullness (hormones)
-palatability (the better the food tastes, the more it is consumed)
-quantity available (eating what they are served)

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15
Q

Obesity

A

condition of being overweight
due to hereditary, excessive eating and inadequate exercise, inadequate sleep (alters hormonal balances involved in regulating appetite, eating, and satiety), concept of set point- gaining weight back that had been lost

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16
Q

Achievement motive

A

need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence
depends on:
- strength of motivation, probability of success, incentive value, as tasks become easier, success becomes less likely, motivation can cause emotion

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17
Q

Affective forecasting

A

efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events
-emotions hard to predict and hard to regulate
-people mispredict one’s emotional reactions to future events (predicting intensity and duration)

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18
Q

Polygraph

A

device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned

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19
Q

Galvanic skin response

A

an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity

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20
Q

Components of emotion

A

physiological:
-ANS
-Neural circuits: hypothalamus, amygdala, adjacent structures ( limbic system) = seat of emotion int he brain
-amygdala can process emotion ind. of cog awareness

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21
Q

Behavioral component of emotion

A

emotions are expressed through body language
facial feedback hypothesis- facial muscles send signals to the brain that help the brain recognize the emotion that one is feeling

22
Q

Culture & emotion

A

facial expressions associated with basic emotions are universally recognized across cultures
-some cultures have no words that corresp. to sadness others lack words for depression, anxiety, or remorse
-display rules regulate the appropriate expression of emotions to how and to whom can show various emotions

23
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

different patterns of autonomic activation leads to the experience of different emotions (I feel afraid because I tremble)

24
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system (the dog makes me tremble and feel afraid)

25
Q

Schachter’s Two- Factor Theory

A

people look at situational cues to differentiate between alternative experience of emotion which depends on two factors
1. autonomic arousal
2. cognitive interpretation of that arousal
ex. When experiencing physiological arousal, you search your environment for an explanation (seeing a bear: I label my trembling as fear because I appraise the situation as dangerous)

26
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

emotions are considered largely innate to certain stimuli
-we have 8-10 primary emotions (anger, anticipation, joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, and disgust)

27
Q

Happiness (predictors of…)

A

Weak predictors: money, age, parenthood, intelligence and attractiveness
moderate: health, social activity, religious belief
strong: relationship satisfaction, work, genetics and personality
conclusion: these factors of happiness are not as influential as how you feel about these factors

28
Q

factor analysis

A

correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables

29
Q

Five-Factor Model of personality

A

OCEAN
Openness= tolerant of ambiguity, curiosity, flexibility, interest in new ideas
Conscientiousness=diligence, well-organized, punctual, dependable, high in self-discipline and ability to regulate oneself effectively
Extraversion= outgoing, sociable, friendly, assertive, gregarious, more positive look out
Agreeableness=sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, straightforward, empathy & helping behavior
Neuroticism= high levels-anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, vulnerable

30
Q

fixation

A

a failure to move forward from one stage or another
-caused by excessive gratification or by excessive frustration of those needs

31
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious (most widely used)

32
Q

projection

A

attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
ex) a woman who cheated on her husband accuses him of cheating on her

33
Q

displacement

A

diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target
ex) parents yell at child and child begins bullying others at school

34
Q

reaction formation

A

behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings (exaggerated quality of the opp. behavior)
- being loving and warm toward a person that you are angry with

35
Q

regression

A

a reversion to immature patterns of behavior
ex) when anxious about self-worth, young adults brag and boast about themselves

36
Q

oral stage (birth-first year)

A

focus: mouth
tasks: weaning (from breast to bottle)
fixation: obsessive eating or smoking

37
Q

Anal stage (2-3)

A

fous: anus (regulating child’s bio urges)
task: potty training
-genital anxiety derived from severe toilet training -> anxiety about sexual activities later in life

38
Q

Phallic stage (4-5)

A

focus: genitals
task: identifying with adult role models; coping with Oedipal crisis

39
Q

Latency (6-12)

A

focus: none (sexually repressed)
task: expanding social contracts outside of the family

40
Q

Genital (puberty onward)

A

focus: genitals (being sexually intimate)
key tasks: est. intimate relationships; contributing to society through working

41
Q

id

A

primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle (raw, bio urges)

42
Q

ego

A

a balance between the id and the superego

43
Q

superego

A

moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

44
Q

independent view of self (America/individualism)

A

defining yourself in terms of personal attributes, abilities, achievements, possessions, prone to emphasize uniqueness

45
Q

interdependent view of self (Asian cultures/ collectivism)

A

emphasizes fundamental connectedness of people to one another

46
Q

narcissism

A

having an inflated sense of important, entitlement, tendency to exploit others
grandiose- arrogance, extroversion, immodesty, aggressiveness
vulnerable- hidden feelings of inferiority, introversion, neuroticism, need for recognition

47
Q

Oedipal/ Electra complex

A

children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same sex parent

48
Q

personality

A

an individual’s unique set of consistent behavioral traits

49
Q

Psychodynamic trait theory

A

people’s behaviors are governed by unconscious factors and that people are shaped by childhood experiences and other factors out of our control

50
Q

Behavioral trait theory

A

based on the fact that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

51
Q

humanistic trait theory

A

theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth

AP Psych Unit 7 Review (3 decks)

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