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AP Psychology > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

Instinct/Evolutionary Theory

A

Focused on instincts: a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Focuses on genetic predispositions as the source of our motivations

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3
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

Drives: our physiological needs create an aroused, motivated state - a drive - that pushes to reduce the need
Drive reduction is one way our bodies strive for homeostasis

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4
Q

Arousal Theory

A

Human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but seek optimum levels of arousal
Once all biological needs are met, we feel driven to experience stimulation

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5
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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6
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

the desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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7
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

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8
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

sends signals telling you that you are full

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9
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

sends you signals to keep eating

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10
Q

Sexual Response Cycle

A

Excitement: genital areas become engorged with blood

Plateau: excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure continues to increase

Orgasm: muscle contractions occur all over the body

Resolution: body returned to its unaroused state as genital blood vessels release their accumulated blood

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11
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s gender or the other gender

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12
Q

Affiliation Need

A

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

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13
Q

Achievement Motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

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14
Q

Emotion

A

a response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience

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15
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

William James & Carl Lange
Emotions arise from our awareness of our bodily response to emotion-arousing stimuli
Stimulus → arousal → emotion

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16
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard
Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily response and experience of emotion at the same time
Stimulus → arousal & emotion

17
Q

Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory

A

Stanley Schachter & Jerome Singer
Our experience of emotion depends on two facts: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label of the physiological response
Stimulus → arousal → cognitive labels → emotion

18
Q

Joseph LeDoux/Robert Zajonc’s Theory

A

Zajonc thought that we have many emotional reactions apart from or before our conscious interpretation of a situation
LeDoux said our emotions sometimes take the more direct “low road”
Stimulus → emotional response

19
Q

RIchard Lazarus’ Appraisal Theory

A

Thought that some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking
Based on a “cognitive appraisal” we decide if the situation is positive, negative, or neutral
Emotions arise when we appraise an event as positive or negative
Stimulus → appraisal → emotion

20
Q

Distress

A

negative stress, stems from anxiety or pressure

21
Q

Eustress

A

positive stress, results from appraising events or challenges

22
Q

Stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

23
Q

Kurt Lewin & Motivational Conflicts Theory

A

Stress also results from the daily conflicts we face between our different approach and avoidance motives
types: Approach-approach, Avoidance-avoidance, Approach-avoidance, Double approach-avoidance

24
Q

Approach-approach

A

2 different things that we like that pull us in different directions

25
Q

Avoidance-avoidance

A

we face a conflict between two undesirable alternatives

26
Q

Approach-avoidance

A

we feel attracted and repelled to something

27
Q

Double approach-avoidance

A

we must choose between multiple options, each of which has pleasurable and disagreeable aspects

28
Q

Han Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

A

the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases
alarm, resistance, exhaustion

29
Q

Phase 1 - Alarm

A

sympathetic nervous system is suddenly activated

30
Q

Phase 2 - Resistance

A

temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high

31
Q

Phase 3 - Exhaustion

A

as time passes, with no relief from stress, body’s reserves begin to dwindle

32
Q

Positive Psychology

A

The study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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