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AP PSYCH > UNIT 7 (CH 8/10) > Flashcards

UNIT 7 (CH 8/10) Flashcards

1
Q

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psycholgical needs become active

A

hierarchy of needs

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2
Q

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When levels are low we feel hunger

A

glucose

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3
Q

sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females that by males and contributing to female sex characteristics

A

estrogens

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4
Q

the most important of the male sex horomones - both males and females have it

A

testosterone

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5
Q

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the other sex

A

sexual orientation

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6
Q

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

A

motivation

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7
Q

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterened throughout a species and is unlearned

A

instinct

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8
Q

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

A

drive-reduction theory

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9
Q

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

A

homeostasis

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10
Q

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

A

incentive

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11
Q

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set

A

set point

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12
Q

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

A

basal metabolic rate

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13
Q

an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feels fat, continues to starve - usually an adolescent female

A

anorexia nervosa

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14
Q

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

A

bulimia nervosa

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15
Q

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compnesatory puring, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

A

binge-eating disorder

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16
Q

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

A

sexual response cycle

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17
Q

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

A

refractory period

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18
Q

a response of the whole organism involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

A

emotion

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19
Q

our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

A

James-Lange theory

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20
Q

emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

A

Cannon-Bard theory

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21
Q

to experience emotion on must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arsousal

A

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

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22
Q

the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness

A

facial feedback

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23
Q

emotional release - “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

A

catharsis

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24
Q

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

A

behavioral medicine

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25
Q

a subfield that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

A

health psychology

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26
Q

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

A

stress

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27
Q

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in 3 phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

A

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

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28
Q

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in North America

A

coronary heart disease

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29
Q

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

A

polygraph

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30
Q

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

A

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

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31
Q

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people’s quality of life

A

well-being

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32
Q

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neural level defined by our prior experience

A

adaptation-level phenomenon

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33
Q

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

A

relative deprivation

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34
Q

Friedman and Rosenman - competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

A

Type A

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35
Q

Friedman and Rosenman - easygoing, relaxed people

A

Type B

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36
Q

mind-body illness - any stress related physical illness

A

psychophysiological illness

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37
Q

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

A

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

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38
Q

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system

A

lymphocytes

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39
Q

form in bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

A

B lymphocytes

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40
Q

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

A

T lymphocytes

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41
Q

psycholoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

A

projection

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42
Q

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions

A

rationalization

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43
Q

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

A

displacement

44
Q

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimului designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

A

projective test

45
Q

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

46
Q

the most widely used projective test - seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

A

Rorschach inkblot test

47
Q

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

A

personal control

48
Q

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

A

external locus of control

49
Q

the perception that you control your own fate

A

internal locus of control

50
Q

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

A

spotlight effect

51
Q

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

A

self-esteem

52
Q

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

A

self-serving bias

53
Q

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather that group identifications

A

individualism

54
Q

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

A

collectivism

55
Q

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

A

free association

56
Q

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts ans actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

A

psychoanalysis

57
Q

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

A

unconscious

58
Q

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives - operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

A

id

59
Q

the largely conscious - “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in way that well realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

A

ego

60
Q

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience)and for future aspirations

A

superego

61
Q

childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

A

psychosexual stages

62
Q

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

A

Oedipus complex

63
Q

the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos - Freud

A

identification

64
Q

lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved - Freud

A

fixation

65
Q

the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

A

defense mechanisms

66
Q

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

A

repression

67
Q

defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

A

regression

68
Q

defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

A

reaction formation

69
Q

defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

A

sublimation

70
Q

defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities

A

denial

71
Q

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

A

collective unconscious

72
Q

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

A

terror-management theory

73
Q

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potenial

A

self-actualization

74
Q

according to Roger’s, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

A

unconditional positive regard

75
Q

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “Who am I?”

A

self-concept

76
Q

a characteristics pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

A

trait

77
Q

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors

A

personality inventory

78
Q

most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests

A

Minnesota Multiohasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

79
Q

a test (MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

A

empirically derived test

80
Q

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including thinking) and their social context

A

social-cognitive perspective

81
Q

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

A

reciprocal determinism

82
Q

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

A

positive psychology

83
Q

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

A

self

84
Q

a basic bodily requirement

A

physiological need

85
Q

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

A

Yerkes-Dodson Law

86
Q

BMI of 30 or higher

A

obesity

87
Q

having no sexual attraction to others

A

asexual

88
Q

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

A

affiliation need

89
Q

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

A

ostracism

90
Q

excessive self-love and self-absorption

A

narcissism

91
Q

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of skills and idea, for control, and for attaining a high standard

A

achievement motivation

92
Q

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

A

grit

93
Q

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

A

behavior feedback effect

94
Q

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

A

tend-and-befriend response

95
Q

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

A

aerobic exercise

96
Q

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

A

mindfulness meditation

97
Q

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

A

positive psychology

98
Q

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

A

subjective well-being

99
Q

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

A

personality

100
Q

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

A

psychodynamic theories of personality

101
Q

emphasize the growth potential of “healthy” individuals.

A

humanistic theories of personality

102
Q

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

A

hierarchy of needs

103
Q

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

A

self-transcendence

104
Q

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

A

behavioral approach of personality

105
Q

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

A

self-efficacy

AP PSYCH (9 decks)

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