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AP PSYCH (swapped) > UNIT 7 > Flashcards

UNIT 7 Flashcards

1
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psycholgical needs become active

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2
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When levels are low we feel hunger

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3
Q

estrogens

A

sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females that by males and contributing to female sex characteristics

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4
Q

testosterone

A

the most important of the male sex horomones - both males and females have it

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5
Q

sexual orientation

A

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex or the other sex

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6
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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7
Q

instinct

A

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterened throughout a species and is unlearned

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8
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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9
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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10
Q

incentive

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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11
Q

set point

A

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set

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12
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

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13
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feels fat, continues to starve - usually an adolescent female

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14
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

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15
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compnesatory puring, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

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16
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

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17
Q

refractory period

A

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

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18
Q

emotion

A

a response of the whole organism involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

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19
Q

James-Lange theory

A

our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

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20
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

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21
Q

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

A

to experience emotion on must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arsousal

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22
Q

facial feedback

A

the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness

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23
Q

catharsis

A

emotional release - “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

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24
Q

behavioral medicine

A

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

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25
Q

health psychology

A

a subfield that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

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26
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

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27
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in 3 phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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28
Q

coronary heart disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in North America

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29
Q

polygraph

A

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

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30
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

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31
Q

well-being

A

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people’s quality of life

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32
Q

adaptation-level phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neural level defined by our prior experience

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33
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

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34
Q

Type A

A

Friedman and Rosenman - competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

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35
Q

Type B

A

Friedman and Rosenman - easygoing, relaxed people

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36
Q

psychophysiological illness

A

mind-body illness - any stress related physical illness

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37
Q

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

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38
Q

lymphocytes

A

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system

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39
Q

B lymphocytes

A

form in bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

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40
Q

T lymphocytes

A

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

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41
Q

projection

A

psycholoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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42
Q

rationalization

A

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions

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43
Q

displacement

A

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

44
Q

projective test

A

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimului designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

45
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

46
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

the most widely used projective test - seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

47
Q

personal control

A

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

48
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

49
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that you control your own fate

50
Q

spotlight effect

A

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

51
Q

self-esteem

A

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

52
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

53
Q

individualism

A

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather that group identifications

54
Q

collectivism

A

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

55
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

56
Q

psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts ans actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

57
Q

unconscious

A

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

58
Q

id

A

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives - operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

59
Q

ego

A

the largely conscious - “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in way that well realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

60
Q

superego

A

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience)and for future aspirations

61
Q

psychosexual stages

A

childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

62
Q

Oedipus complex

A

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

63
Q

identification

A

the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos - Freud

64
Q

fixation

A

lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved - Freud

65
Q

defense mechanisms

A

the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

66
Q

repression

A

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

67
Q

regression

A

defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

68
Q

reaction formation

A

defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

69
Q

sublimation

A

defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

70
Q

denial

A

defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities

71
Q

collective unconscious

A

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

72
Q

terror-management theory

A

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

73
Q

self-actualization

A

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potenial

74
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

according to Roger’s, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

75
Q

self-concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “Who am I?”

76
Q

trait

A

a characteristics pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

77
Q

personality inventory

A

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors

78
Q

Minnesota Multiohasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests

79
Q

empirically derived test

A

a test (MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

80
Q

social-cognitive perspective

A

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including thinking) and their social context

81
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

82
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

83
Q

self

A

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

84
Q

physiological need

A

a basic bodily requirement

85
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

86
Q

obesity

A

BMI of 30 or higher

87
Q

asexual

A

having no sexual attraction to others

88
Q

affiliation need

A

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

89
Q

ostracism

A

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

90
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

91
Q

achievement motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of skills and idea, for control, and for attaining a high standard

92
Q

grit

A

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

93
Q

behavior feedback effect

A

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

94
Q

tend-and-befriend response

A

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

95
Q

aerobic exercise

A

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

96
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

97
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

98
Q

subjective well-being

A

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

99
Q

personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

100
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

101
Q

humanistic theories of personality

A

emphasize the growth potential of “healthy” individuals.

102
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

103
Q

self-transcendence

A

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

104
Q

behavioral approach of personality

A

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

105
Q

self-efficacy

A

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

AP PSYCH (swapped) (9 decks)

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