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Unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Secondary embryonic vesicle from the proseencephalon

A
  • Diencephalon
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2
Q

What does diencephalon mean?

A
  • “Between brain”

- Actually means between the great cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

Major parts of the diencephalon

A
  • 3rd ventricle
  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus (included metathalamus)
  • Hypothalamus (under thalamus)
  • Subthalamus (ventral thalamus)
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4
Q

Where is the choroid plexus?

A
  • 3rd ventricle (CSF secretion)
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5
Q

Where are the medial and lateral geniculate bodies?

A
  • Metathalamus of the Thalamus
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6
Q

Functions of the diencephalon

A
  • Most significant relay center for sensory input to the cerebellum (all sensations except olfaction)
  • Integrative as well as relay
  • Significant center for control of autonomic and endocrine functions
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7
Q

Just superior to the midbrain tectum

A
  • Epithalamus
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8
Q

Structures included in the Epithalamus

A
  • Pineal gland

- Posterior commissure

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9
Q

Also known as the “Epiphysis Cerebri”

A
  • Pineal gland (body)
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10
Q

“Brain sand”

A
  • Calcifications of the pineal gland accumulating with age
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11
Q

Built like an endocrine gland, the pineal body secretes what?

A
  • Melatonin
  • Seratonin
  • Norepinepherine
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12
Q

When is the secretion of neurotransmitters from the pineal gland active?

A
  • Late night hours (2-4 AM)
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13
Q

The pineal body is not sensitve to light directly, but through what?

A
  • A pathway originating in the retina and synapsing in the hypothalamus (specifically the suprachiasmic nucleus)
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14
Q

Melatonin levels appear to be a function of what?

A
  • The circadial cycle (not the controller of the cycle)
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15
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) affects how many people in the U.S. and canada?

A
  • 1 in 20
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16
Q

A small, but identifiable commissure just superior to the midbrain tectum

A
  • Posterior commissure
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17
Q

What are located in the posterior commissure of the epithalamus?

A
  • Pupillary light reflex fibers and nuclei
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18
Q

Just anterior and inferior to the posterior commissure is a small structure

A
  • Subcommissural organ
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19
Q

What might the subcommissural organ do?

A
  • Produce aldosterone
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20
Q

What is the subcommissural organ made primarily of?

A
  • Ependymal cells
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21
Q

Included with the thalamus are the lateral and medial geniculate bodies, often classified separately as what?

A
  • Metathalamus
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22
Q

The thalamus is composed of 2 ovoid masses of gray matter, joined together by a bridge of gray matter substace called what?

A
  • Massa Intermedia (Interthalamic adhesion)
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23
Q

What is lateral to each thalamic mass?

A
  • Posterior limb of the internal capsule
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24
Q

General functions of the thalamus

A
  • All sensory input, except olfaction, is relayed here
  • Helps focus the attention of the cerebral cortex
  • Some appreciation of pain and pemperature sensations are interpreted here
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25
The thalamus us divided into equal right and left thalamic masses held together by what?
- Massa Intermedia (MI)
26
Largest part of the thalamus; posteriorly located
- Pulvinar
27
What does the hypothalamus form?
- The floor for the 3rd ventricle | - Portions of the 3rd ventricles lateral walls
28
What is included as part of the hypothalamus' structure?
- Infundibular stalk | - Optic chiasma
29
Hypothalamus consists of what 2 zones?
- Medial | - Lateral
30
The medial zone of the hypothalamus is subdivided into what?
- Anterior - Intermediate - Posterior
31
Functions of the hypothalamus
- Vague control of the basic drives of hunger, thirst, and sex - Controls physical aspects of emotional expressions - Central control over autonomic functions
32
Parasympathetic control of the hypothalamus
- Anterior and intermediate areas - Inc. digestive motility - Dec. heart rate - Constriction of the pupil
33
Sympathetic control of the hypothalamus
- Posterior area - Inc. heart rate - Vasoconstriction - Dec. digestive motility - Pupil dilation - Piloerection - Sweat gland secretion
34
Endocrine control from the hypothalamus
- Directly via neuron axon extensions into the posterior pituitary - Indirectly via neurohormones to control the release of anterior pituitary hormones
35
The region of the hypothalamus superior and posterior to the optic chiasma and infundibular stalk is subdivided into 3 areas
- Anterior area - Intermediate (central) area - Posterior area
36
The area just above the optic chiasma
- Anterior area
37
Important nuclei in the anterior area
- Surpaoptic and Paraventricular nuclei - Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) - Anterior nucleus - Preoptic area (nucleus
38
This nucleus is responsible for much of our circadial 24 hour rhythms such as temperature, sleep, light, feeding, ect
- Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
39
The suprachiasmic nuclei is complexly connected to what?
- The pineal gland and its secretions into the bloodstream
40
Nucleus in the anterior area generally known for parasympathetic functions
- Anterior nucleus
41
Nucleus in the anterior area known to be a thermo-regulator; especially as the heat goes up
- Preoptic area (nucleus)
42
Nuclei in the intermediate area
- Dorsomedial nuclei - Ventromedial nuclei - Arcuate nuclei
43
Nuclei of the intermediate area that has significant GI tract parasympathetic influence
- Dorsomedial nuclei
44
Nuclei of the intermediate area which is a center for eating and thirst gratification
- Ventromedial nuclei
45
Nuclei of the intermediate area near the infundibular stalk that contributes axons to the tuberoinfundibular tract
- Arcuate nuclei
46
A term used to describe the undulating bulge between the infundibular stalk and the large mammillary bodies
- Tuber cinereum
47
Nuclei in the posterior area
- Mammillary bodies | - Posterior nuclei
48
Nucleus of the posterior area important for short term memory
- Mammillary bodies
49
Nucleus of the posterior area which is a thermoregulator; especially as the body cools down (shivering)
- Posterior nuclei
50
What is the posterior area known for?
- Diverse sympathetic actions
51
What does the posterior pituitary develop from embryologically?
- Diencephalon
52
Which area gives rise to the anterior and intermediate pituitary?
- Rathke's pouch
53
Most blood to the pituitary and infundibular stalk comes from branches off what?
- Internal carotid arteries
54
Within the infundibular stalk, the small arteries break into highly permeable capillaries called what?
- Fenestrated sinusoid
55
The fenestrated sinusoids do what?
- Picks up the "releasing factors" from the tuberoinfundibular tract fibers
56
A series of small veins drain the hormone-laden blood to the capillary beds of the ______
- Anterior pituitary
57
The veins that drain the hormone-laden blood to the capillary beds of the anterior pituitary are actually porting blood between two capillary beds are called what?
- Hypophyseal portal veins (and system)
58
Once the releasing factors enter the substance of the anterior pituitary they exert what?
- A controlling influence on the release of pituitary hormones
59
Locations of the subthalamus
-Just under the lateral ventral aspect of the thalamus
60
The subthalamus includes the following nuclei
- Parvocellular region of the red nucleus - Superior portion of the substantia nigra - Subthalamic nuclei (corpus Luysi)
61
Among other connections, the subthalamic nuclei sends and recieves fibers to and from what?
- The globus pallidus of the telecephalon
62
What system is the subthalamic nuclei part of?
- Extrapyramidal system
63
What may lesions of the subthalamic nucleus lead to?
- Usually vascular - May lead to dramatic forceful flinging movements of the shoulders and/or hips - This movement is called hemiballism or ballism
64
General characteristics of the telecephalon
- Anatomically: RIght and left hemispheres are equivalent - Functionally: The 2 hemispheres have significant differences event hough most of the activity is eventually shared via commissural fibers
65
Parts of the telecephalon
- Pallium - Centrum semiovale - Basal ganglia
66
Outer convoluted gray cerebral cortex of the telecephalon
- Pallium
67
An underlying mass of white fibers of the telecephalon collectively called...
- Centrum semiovale
68
Deep within the white matter are collections of neuron cell bodies in the telecephalon
- Basal ganglia (nuclei)
69
Lobes on each side of the telecephalon
- Frontal lobe: Largest - Temporal lobe - Parietal lobe - Occipital lobe (smallest)
70
Functions of the telecephalon
- Final integration of neural machanisms - Initiation center for voluntary actions - Memory and associative memory - Abstract thinking: serves as basis for much of our emotional response
71
Total surface area of the pallium (cerebral cortex)
- About 2.5 square feet
72
Where is 2/3s of the surface of the pallium (cerebral cortex?
- Down in the sulci
73
What is the thickness of the pallium (cerebral cortex)?
- 1.5-4.5 mm
74
In most areas of the pallium, what is thicker, the gyrus cortex or the sulcus cortex?
- Gyrus cortex
75
What is the total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex?
- 50-60 billion
76
Each neuron of the pallium (cerebral cortex) may synapse with an average of how many other neurons? As high as how many neurons?
- Average: 600 | - As high as: 4,000
77
Subdivisions of the pallium (cerebral cortex)
- Neocortex (isocortex) | - Allocortex
78
Subdivision of the pallium (cerebral cortex) which is phylogenetically new and occupies 90% of the total cerebral cortex
- Neocortex (isocortex)
79
Subdivision of the pallium (cerebral cortex) which includes 2 ancient parts that occupies about 10% of the total cerebral cortex area
- Allocortex
80
6 common laminae of the neocortex
- Molecular lamina I - External granular lamina II - External pyramidal lamina III - Internal granular lamina IV - Internal pyramidal lamina V - Multiform lamina VI
81
Molecular layer (lamina I)
- The outermost lamina and nearest to the pia mater | - Filled with synaptic activity
82
External granular layer (lamina II)
- Small closely packed granular neurons | - Axons extend into deeper lamina of the same cortex area
83
External pyramidal layer (lamina III)
- Small pyramidal-shaped neurons | - Axons extend out of the cortex to the white matter and then returns to the gray matter
84
What are laminae II and III all called?
- Associative lamina | - Best developed in the human brain
85
Internal granular layer (lamina IV)
- Small closely packed cell bodies - The specific thalamic inputs arrive here - Well developed in sensory areas
86
Internal pyramidal layer (lamina V)
- Large pyramidal-shaped neuron cell bodies here - Giant pyramidal (Betz) cells are found here in certain areas - Axons "project" to other brain and cord centers from here
87
Multiform layer (lamina VI)
- A mix of incoming and outgoing fibers | - Has a large number of "projection" neurons
88
What are laminae V and VI are sometimes called?
- Projection laminae
89
Loss of power to communicate through writing, speaking or signs
- Aphasia
90
Inability to recognize faces
- Prosopagnosia
91
Functions of the telecephalon typically lateralized to the left
- Speech - Linear reasoning - Grammar - Vocabulary - Tool use
92
Functions of the telecephalon typically lateralized to the right
- Spatial manipulations - Prosodic language: Facial expressions - Intonation - Singing
93
Parts of the basal ganglia
- Caudate nucleus - Putamen nucleus - Globus pallidus (paleostriatum - Amygdaloid complex (archistriatum)
94
Where do the caudate nucleus and the putamen nucleus run?
- Neostriatum --> corpus striatum --> basal ganglia
95
Where does the globus pallidus run?
- Corpus striatum --> basal ganglia
96
Where does the amygdaloid complex run?
- Basal ganglia
97
What are the putamen and globus pallidus together called?
- Lenticular nucleus (lentiform)
98
What does striatal lesions of the basal ganglia normally lead to?
- Dyskinesia (muscle tone distubances)
99
What does dyskinesia include?
- Tremors - Chorea - Hemiballism (ballism)
100
Example of a tremor
- Parkinsonism
101
Chorea
- Results in a brisk series of graceful involuntary movements of extremities, facial muscles, tongue, ect - Corpus striatum begins to deteriorate - Genetic deficiency of GABA
102
Hemiballism
- More violent movement | - Can also occur from lesions in the globus pallidus
103
Parts of the caudate nucleus
- Head - Body - Tail
104
What is the head region of the caudate nucleus continuous with?
- Putamen nucleus by gray matter bridges
105
Afferent fibers synapse in the caudate from where?
- All lobes of the cortex, thalamus, substantia nigra, and putamen
106
Efferent output fibers extends from the caudate to where?
- Putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and the thalamus
107
Most lateral of the corpus striatal nuclei
- Putamen nucleus (neostriatum)
108
Afferent fibers synapse in the putamen from where?
- Same as caudate | - Caudate also sends fibers to the putamen
109
Efferent fibers extends from the putamen from where?
- Same as caudate
110
Parts of the lenticular nucleus
- Globus pallidus nucleus | - Putamen nucleus
111
Separates the globus pallidus into medial and lateral segments
- Medial medually lamina
112
Separates the lateral part of the globus pallidus from the putamen
- Lateral medullary lamina
113
Cell appearance of the globus pallidus
- Much different than from the caudate and putamen
114
Afferents (also called pallidal fibers) include axons from the:
- Caudate nucleus - Putamen nucleus - Subthalamic nucleus
115
Efferent (often called pallidalfugal fibers) represents what?
- The primary efferent outflow from the corpus striatum
116
What does the basal ganglia play a key role in?
- The extrapyramidal system | - Some would call it a pre-upper motor influence
117
Name given to the collective white matter of the telecephalon
- Centrum semiovale
118
Fiber types in the white matter of the telencephalon
- Projection axons - Commissural axons - Association axon bundles (fasciculi)
119
Where do most projection axons of the telencephalon travel in?
- Corona radiata | - Internal capsule
120
Where are commissural axons of the telecephalon found?
- In the corpus callosum
121
Parts of the corpus callosum
- Splenium - Body - Genu - Rostrum - Forceps anticus - Forceps posticus - Tapetum
122
Lesions and surgery on the corpus callosum
- Alien hand syndrome | - Extreme seizures
123
The most abundant part of the white matter in the telecephalon
- Association axon bundles (fasciculi)
124
Types of the association axon bundles (fasciculi)
- Short fibers | - Long fibers
125
Association axon bundles that connects adjacent or near gyri, just inward from the gray cortex
- Short fibers
126
Association axon bundles that connects distal parts of the same hemisphere
- Long fibers
127
Dementia pugilistica
- Repeated head trauma - Diffuse damage involving cerebellum and corpus callosum - Increase ventricular size

CNS (3 decks)

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