Unit 7 - Blood

Question 1

how much of the human body weight (in kg) is blood?

Answer 1

~7-8%

Question 2

blood cells sediment in a test tube due to:

Answer 2

gravity or a centrifuge

Question 3

blood is a:

Answer 3

liquid connective tissue

Question 4

what are the four main functions of blood?

Answer 4

• transport: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, ions, hormones, and heat
• regulation: ion and pH balance
• defense: immune protection
• hemostasis: prevention of blood loss

Question 5

percent of total blood volume occupied by packed red blood cells

Answer 5

hematocrit

Question 6

how is the hematocrit calculated?

Answer 6

(x/y) x100%

Question 7

takes up about 55% of the blood volume in humans

Answer 7

plasma

Question 8

made up of white blood cells and platlets, consists of <1% of the blood volume in humans

Answer 8

buffy coat

Question 9

takes up about 45% of the blood volume in humans

Answer 9

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Question 10

a condition characterized by a significantly low red blood cell count (~20-25%)

Answer 10

anemia

Question 11

a condition characrerized by a significantly high red blood cell count (~55%)

Answer 11

polycythemia

Question 12

the extracellular fluid is made up of:

Answer 12

plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 13

non-cellular portion of the blood

Answer 13

plasma

Question 14

fluid found outside of cells and blood vessels

Answer 14

interstitial fluid

Question 15

act as solutes and creates osmotic pressure by pulling water into the blood vessel

Answer 15

plasma protein

Question 16

what is composistion of plasma?

Answer 16

• > 90% water
• electrolytes, organic molecules, trace elements and gases
• substances being transported (ex: CO2)

Question 17

what are the five major functions of plasma proteins?

Answer 17

1) distribution of body water
2) buffering
3) transport
4) defence
5) hemostasis

Question 18

part of the plasma with the clotting factors removed

Answer 18

serum

Question 19

what is the normal red blood cell count in females?

Answer 19

4.2-5.4x10^6 cells per microliter

Question 20

what is the normal red blood cell count for males?

Answer 20

4.7-6.1x10^6 cells per microliter

Question 21

don’t stain with either eosin or hematoxylin, thus the granules can’t be seen under a microscope

Answer 21

neutrophils

Question 22

attracted to the eosin stain, acidic

Answer 22

eosinophil

Question 23

type of granulocyte that forms phagocytes

Answer 23

neutrophils

Question 24

type of granolycyte that functions in defense against parasites

Answer 24

eosinophils

Question 25

what are the three main types of white blood cells?

Answer 25

granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 26

type of granulocyte that functions in inflammation

Answer 26

basophil

Question 27

what are the three types of granulocytes?

Answer 27

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 28

type of white blood cell that forms phagocytes and functions in immune defenses

Answer 28

monocytes

Question 29

type of lymphocyte that is responsible for antibody production and functions in humoral immunity

Answer 29

B-cells

Question 30

type of lymphocyte that functions in cellular immunity

Answer 30

T-cells

Question 31

process of formation of blood cells

Answer 31

hematopoiesis

Question 32

before birth, where does hematopoiesis take place?

Answer 32

yolk sac, liver (fetal), spleen (fetal)

Question 33

after birth, where does hematopoiesis take place?

Answer 33

bone marrow

Question 34

cells in the bone marrow that have the potential to divide into different types of blood cells based on the body's needs

Answer 34

multipotent hematopoietic stem cells

Question 35

multipotent stem cells can divide into these two classes

Answer 35

lymphoid stem cells and mylenoid stem cells

Question 36

lymphoid stem cells form:

Answer 36

lymphocytes

Question 37

mylenoid stem cells form:

Answer 37

anything that isn't a lymphocyte

Question 38

T-cells begin development in the bone marrow but finish in the:

Answer 38

thymus gland

Question 39

these immune cells are the only ones that can be reabsorbed into the blood after being released to the body tissues

Answer 39

B-cells and T-cells

Question 40

how is hematopoiesis regulated?

Answer 40

cytokines

Question 41

small proteins that are hormone-like in their mechanism of action and act as growth factors

Answer 41

cytokines

Question 42

another word for cytokines

Answer 42

hematopoietins

Question 43

what is the approximate lifespan of red blood cells?

Answer 43

120 days

Question 44

what is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 44

O2 transport

Question 45

what are the advantages for the biconcave shape of red blood cells?

Answer 45

- gives high SA:V ratio which allows easy diffusion of gases - helps w/ tortion (bending/ twisting)

Question 46

true or false: red blood cells lose their nucleus and other organelles right before entering the blood stream

Answer 46

true

Question 47

what are the key components of hemoglobin?

Answer 47

- globin (4) - heme (4) - ferrous iron (4)

Question 48

responsible for ~98-99% of total oxygen transport

Answer 48

hemoglobin

Question 49

how does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?

Answer 49

each ferrous iron loosely binds to one molecule of oxygen by oxygenation

Question 50

why is carbon monoxide so fatal?

Answer 50

it has 200x more binding affinity with hemoglobin

Question 51

which cytokines are essential for red blood cell production?

Answer 51

erythropoietins

Question 52

which dietary factors are essential for red blood cell production?

Answer 52

iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12

Question 53

true or false: the stomach does not release an intrinsic protein factor that is essential for red blood cell production

Answer 53

false

Question 54

small amounts are released daily to maintain a constant blood volume

Answer 54

erythropoietin

Question 55

secretes erhythropoietins

Answer 55

kidneys

Question 56

has sensors for O2 levels in the blod

Answer 56

kidneys

Question 57

where is the body iron stored?

Answer 57

50%: Hb 25%: other iron containing proteins 25%: bound with ferritin

Question 58

vitamin B12 is needed to make:

Answer 58

folic acid

Question 59

a lack of vitamin B12 causes:

Answer 59

pernicious anemia

Question 60

what is anemia?

Answer 60

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to a deficiency of rbcs and/ or hemoglobin contained in the rbcs

Question 61

increased destruction of the rbcs in the body

Answer 61

hemolytic anemia

Question 62

increased blood loss leading to loss of rbcs

Answer 62

hemorrhagic anemia