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Physiology 150 > Unit 7 - Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood to organs where it branches into many arterioles within organ

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2
Q

Arterioles

A

primarily resistance vessels

diameter is smaller than arteries

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3
Q

Capillaries

A

smaller branches of arterioles where exchanges made with cells

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4
Q

Venules

A

capillaries rejoin

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5
Q

Veins

A

venules merge and return blood to heart

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6
Q

Arteries characteristics

A

thick, highly elastic walls and lumen has large diameter

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7
Q

Arterial tissue contains

A

collagen fibres - provide tensile strenght against pressure of blood during systole
Elastin fibres provide elasticity to arterial walls

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8
Q

Function of arteries

A 
passageways for blood from heart to organs
pressure reservoir (drives blood forward into capillaries when heart is relaxing)
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9
Q

Arterioles

A

very little elastin but have large smooth muscle layer innervated by sympathetic fibers
able to adjust circumference of arteriole and change of flow of blood
vascular tone

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10
Q

Arteriolar radius

A

when smooth muscle pressure around arteriole is changed -> radius and blood flow are changed

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11
Q

Local influences on arteriolar radius

A

local cemical and metabolic changes in specific organ, vasoactive mediators and physical influences

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12
Q

Vasodilation caused by

A

smoother muscle relaxation
local chemical and metabolic changes in organ
local vasoactive mediators
heat

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13
Q

Vasoconstriction caused by

A

smooth muscle contraction
local chemical and metabolic changes in organ
local vasoactive mediators
cold

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14
Q

Capillaries characteristics

A

thin-walled, small radius extensively branched
maximized surface area to minimize diffusion distance
narrow water filled gaps (pores) between cells

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15
Q

Pre-capillary sphincter

A

between arteriole and capillary
ring of smooth muscle around entrance but capillary has no smooth muscle
controls blood flow to capillary

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16
Q

When cells need more blood and O2

A

arterioles and sphincter relaxes allowing more blood into area

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17
Q

when chem concentration become normal

A

sphincters partially close

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18
Q

Veins

A

venous system transports blood back to heart
large radius, thin walls and less smooth muslce -> little resistance to blood flow
blood reservoid
valves prevent backflow of blood

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19
Q

Lymphatic System

A

more fluid is filtered out of cap then veins reabsord

picks up extra fluid - > venous system near RA

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20
Q

Funtions of Lymphatic System

A

return of excess fluid
phagocytes which destroy bacteria
transport of absorbed fat
return of filtered protein

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21
Q

Blood Pressure

A

force exerted by blood against a vessel wall

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22
Q

BP depends on

A

volume of blood contained within vessel and vessel compliance

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23
Q

Systolic pressure

A

pressure exerted by ejected blood against vessel walls during systole (120)

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24
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

minimun pressure in arteries when blood is draining off into vessels downstream (80)

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25
Pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
26
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
average pressure driving blood forward during cardiac cycle | MAP= diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
27
Total peripheral resistance(TPR)
total resistance of all systemic vessels together | the higher TPR the high BP etc.
28
Baroreceptor Reflex
Influence cardiac output & TPR to increase ot decrease BP when needed
29
Where are baroreceptors
carotic sinus and aortic arch to sence changes in MAP and pulse pressure
30
baroreceptor reflex
short term and long term
31
Short term control adjustments
occur within seconds | chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic arteries sensitive to low o2 or high levels of H+ in blood
32
how much body weight is made up of blood
8%
33
average blood volume
5L in women | 5.5L in men
34
Three components of blood
erythrocytes leukocytes platelets
35
erythrocytes
red blood cells, 02 transport
36
leukocytes
white blood cells, immune system's defense units
37
platelets
cell fragments important in hemostasis
38
plasma proteins
90% water | 6-8% plasmas total weight
39
albumin
most abundant plasma protein | contribute to osmotic pressure
40
globulins
three subclasses: alpha and beta bind substances | theta are immunoglobins for defense mechanism
41
fibrinogen
key factor in blood clotting
42
erythrocytes
RBC-contain nucleus, organelles or ribosomes
43
Normal RBC count
Male - 5.4 million/drop | Female - 4.8 million/drop
44
Erythrocytes structure
biconcave discs thinness of cell flexible membrane
45
Biconcave discs
large surface area for O2 diffusion across membrane
46
Thinness of cell
O2 diffuses rapidly between ICF and ECF areas
47
Flexible membrane
Doesn't rupture through narrow capillaries
48
Hematocrit
``` % of blood occupied by erythrocytes "packed cell volume" Female normal range 38-46% (av. 42%) Male normal range 40-54% (av. 45%) ```
49
Haemoglobin
Pigment containing iron Found only in red blood cells Reddish when oxygenated bluish when deoxygenates Lack of inner structures= more room for haemoglobin One rbc has > 250 million haemoglobin molcules 98.5% of O2 in blood bound to haemoglobin
50
Haemoglobin consists of what 2 parts
``` globin portion 4 iron (heme) groups ```
51
Globin portion
protein of four highly folded polypeptide chains
52
4 iron heme groups
each bound with 1 polypeptide | also bound to 1 O2 molecule -> each haemoglobin molecule binds to 4 O2 molecules
53
Haemoglobin also binds with
CO2 (from tissue to lungs) H+ of ionized carbonic acid(Hgb buffers acid to prevent change in blood pH Carbon monoxide - nor normally in blood but prefers to bind with Hgb if inhaled Nitric oxide - binds to NO in lungs vasodilation of arterioles
54
Key Erythrocyte enzymes
Glycolytic enzymes | carbonic anhydrase
55
Glycolytic enzymes
no mitichondria to make ATP | need glycolysis for ATP formation
56
Carbonic anhydrase
catalyzes reaction that converts CO2 into bicarbonate ion HCO2 Primary form in which CO2 is transported in blood, Hgb also binds to CO2
57
RBC life cycle
RBC's live only 120 days - more fragile, rupture through capillaries, no nucleus no DNA, must be replaced at rate of 2 million to 3 million cells/second macrophages in spleen and liver remove worn out cells hemolysis products recycled
58
Erythropoiesis
low O2 delivery -> kidneys secrete erythropoietin -> stimulates erythroiesis in bone marrow -> increaded O2 delivery to tissue
59
Erythroiesis
pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow differentiate into different types of blood cells reticulocytes - immature RBC, reticulocytes escape from bone marrow into blood, 1-2 days become a mature RBC
60
Leukocytes
WBC's - have nucleus but lack colour mobile units of body's immune defense system recognizes and destroys/neutralizes materials foreign to 'normal self' 'clean up crew' removes worn-out cells and tissue debris
61
WBC's
``` neutrophils eosinophils basophils monocytes lymphocytes ```
62
eosinophils
live 3-4 days 1-4%
63
basophils
live 3-4 days least common (0.25-.5%) dispersed throughout connective tissue
64
monocytes
live months/years | mature and enlarge in resident issue and become macrophages
65
lymphocytes
live 100-300 days | 2nd most common (25-33%) with single nucleus occupies most of cell
66
neutrophils
``` live 3-4 days most common (60-70%) ```
67
platelet (thrombocyte)
disc shaped, 2-4 micron cell fragment with no nucleus (normal platelet count is 150 000-350 000/cu mm of blood. FROM MEGAKARYOCYTE) liver produces thrombopoietin ( increases # of megakaryocytes in bone marrow, each is stimulated to produce more platelets) 1/3 stored in spleen (rekeased as needed into blood, av life span 10 days, macrophages in liver and spleen remove old ones)
68
functions of platelets
hemostasis (stop loss of blood from broken blood vessel) Steps: 1.vascular spasm 2.platelet plug formation 3. clot formation (coagulation) 4.clot retraction 5.clot destruction Clot temporary device until vessel repair.
69
Vascular spasm
reduce blood flow through damaged vessel
70
Platelet plug formation
1. platelets aggregate when contact exposed collagen in damaged vessel 2. platelets release ADP and thromboxane A2 -> more circulating platelets aggregate 3. prostacyclin and NO released so platelet aggregation doesn't spread to undamaged tissue
71
Clot formation
transform blood from liquid into a solid gel(can't flow) most powerful haemostatic mechanism steps involving 12 plasma clotting factors to form fibrin mesh involves simultaneous extrinsic and intrinsic pathways occur simultaneously with platelet aggregation
72
extrinsic pathways
contact with tissue factors external to blood | thromboplastin released from traumatized tissue directly activates factor X
73
Intrinsic pathways
uses elements in blood | begins when factor X!! activated by exposed collagen in injured vessel
74
Final Common Pathway
Pathways meet where prothrombin converted into thrombin thrombin(converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads, activates fibrin stabilizing factor XIII to convert fibrin into tightly woven meshwork, fibrin then entraps rbc -> clot formed, fibrin wraps platelet plug, + feedback to facilitate own formation, enhances platelet aggregation)
75
clot retraction
once clot formed, platelets contract to shrink fibrin mesh | fluid (serum) pulled from clot
76
clot destruction
enzyme plasmin trapped in clot and breaks down fibrin produced by liver, inactive form is plasminogen plagocytic leukocytes remove products of clots
77
ABO blood groups
A antigen -> Type A B antigen -> Type B Both A & B -> Type AB No antigens -> Type O
78
ABO blood groups antigen and antibodies
Type A: A antigen Anti-B antibody Type B: B antigen Anti-A antibody Type AB: AB antigen no antibodies Type O: no antigens and both AB anti-bodies
79
ABO blood groups remember
Antigen A reacts with anti-A antibody etc.
80
Rh blood groups
Rh antigen may be on RBC surface + or - | Significance: during blood transfusion, pregnancy with Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus
81
Rh+
Rh antigen on RBC surface and no anti-Rh antibodies in plasma
82
Rh-
Rh antigen absent but anti-Rh antibodies develop with exosure to blood with Rh antigen (Rh+ blood)
83
Whose a universal recipient
Blood group AB+
84
who's a universal donor
Blood group O-

Physiology 150 (11 decks)

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