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Bio > UNIT 7 ck12’s 6.15-6.16 > Flashcards

UNIT 7 ck12’s 6.15-6.16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits.

The relationship for the other species may be positive, negative, or neutral.

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2
Q

What are the three basic types of symbiosis?

A
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism
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3
Q

Define mutualism.

A

A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.

An example includes goby fish and shrimp.

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4
Q

In mutualism, what does the shrimp receive from its relationship with the goby fish?

A

A warning of approaching danger.

The fish touches the shrimp with its tail as a warning.

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5
Q

In mutualism, what does the goby fish receive from its relationship with the shrimp?

A

A safe retreat and a place to lay its eggs.

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6
Q

True or False: In symbiosis, one species always benefits while the other species is harmed.

A

False

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where _______.

A

[both species benefit]

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8
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits.

The relationship for the other species may be positive, negative, or neutral.

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9
Q

What are the three basic types of symbiosis?

A
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism
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10
Q

Define mutualism.

A

A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.

An example includes goby fish and shrimp.

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11
Q

In mutualism, what does the shrimp receive from its relationship with the goby fish?

A

A warning of approaching danger.

The fish touches the shrimp with its tail as a warning.

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12
Q

In mutualism, what does the goby fish receive from its relationship with the shrimp?

A

A safe retreat and a place to lay its eggs.

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13
Q

True or False: In symbiosis, one species always benefits while the other species is harmed.

A

False

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where _______.

A

[both species benefit]

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15
Q

What is coevolution?

A

The process where species evolve in response to each other, often seen in mutualistic relationships.

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16
Q

Give an example of coevolution.

A

Flowering plants and their pollinators, such as birds or insects.

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17
Q

How have flowering plants evolved in relation to pollinators?

A

They have developed traits that promote pollination by specific species.

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18
Q

How have pollinator species evolved in relation to flowering plants?

A

They have developed traits to help them obtain pollen or nectar from certain flowers.

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19
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is not affected.

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20
Q

Provide an example of commensalism.

A

Mites attaching to larger flying insects for a free ride.

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21
Q

What do hermit crabs use for homes?

A

The shells of dead snails.

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22
Q

In commensalism, how do barnacles benefit from attaching to a whale?

A

They gain greater access to food and a secure place to live.

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23
Q

True or False: In commensalism, both species benefit.

A

False

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24
Q

What is parasitism?

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A

A symbiotic relationship in which one species (the parasite) benefits while the other species (the host) is harmed.

25
What role do most species of animals play in relation to parasites?
Most species are hosts to one or more parasites.
26
Where do some parasites live in relation to their host?
* On the surface of their host * Inside their host
27
How can parasites enter their host?
* Through a break in the skin * In food or water
28
What is an example of a parasite that infects mammals?
Roundworms
29
How do roundworms reproduce and spread?
They produce huge numbers of eggs, which are passed in the host's feces to the environment.
30
How can other individuals become infected by roundworms?
By swallowing the eggs in contaminated food or water.
31
True or False: Some parasites kill their host.
True
32
Why is it uncommon for parasites to kill their host?
If a parasite kills its host, the parasite is also likely to die.
33
What type of damage do most parasites cause to their host?
Relatively minor damage.
34
What is the process called when communities change over time?
Ecological succession ## Footnote Ecological succession refers to the gradual process of change and replacement in the species composition of a community.
35
What are the two important types of ecological succession?
Primary and secondary succession ## Footnote Primary succession occurs in lifeless areas, while secondary succession occurs in areas where a disturbance has destroyed an existing community.
36
What do both primary and secondary succession involve?
A series of stages that lead to the formation of stable communities ## Footnote These stages typically involve colonization by pioneer species, followed by intermediate species, and eventually leading to a climax community.
37
True or False: Communities are static and do not change over time.
False ## Footnote Communities are dynamic and undergo changes in species composition and abundance over time.
38
What is primary succession?
Primary succession occurs in an area that has never before been colonized.
39
What type of environment is typically associated with primary succession?
An area that is nothing but bare rock.
40
What are three scenarios that can lead to primary succession?
* Lava flows from a volcano and hardens into rock * A glacier retreats and leaves behind bare rock * A landslide uncovers an area of bare rock
41
What are pioneer species?
The first species to colonize a disturbed area.
42
Which organisms are likely to be pioneer species?
* Bacteria * Lichens * Mosses
43
What role do pioneer species play in primary succession?
They change the environment and pave the way for other species.
44
How do pioneer species contribute to soil formation?
They help weather the rock and form soil.
45
What types of plants first colonize the area after soil begins to form?
Grasses and other species that can grow in thin, poor soil.
46
What happens as more plants grow and die during primary succession?
Organic matter is added to the soil.
47
How does improved soil affect the types of plants that can grow?
It allows shrubs and trees to move into the area.
48
What is secondary succession?
Secondary succession occurs in a formerly inhabited area that was disturbed.
49
What types of disturbances can lead to secondary succession?
Disturbances can include: * Fire * Flood * Human action such as farming
50
Why is secondary succession faster than primary succession?
It is faster because the soil is already in place.
51
What are pioneer species in secondary succession?
Pioneer species include: * Grasses * Birch trees * Fireweed
52
How do pioneer species contribute to secondary succession?
They improve the soil with organic matter, allowing other plants to move in.
53
Fill in the blank: Secondary succession occurs in a formerly inhabited area that was _______.
[disturbed]
54
True or False: Secondary succession can only be caused by natural disturbances.
False
55
What is a climax community?
A final stable stage in ecological succession ## Footnote Early ecologists believed that succession always ends with a climax community.
56
What did early ecologists assume about ecological succession?
They thought that communities go through the same series of stages and always end with a climax community ## Footnote This view has changed over time.
57
What is the current belief of most ecologists regarding climax communities?
Most ecologists believe continued change is normal in ecosystems ## Footnote They think most communities are disturbed too often to become climax communities.
58
True or False: Early ecologists believed that succession might include the formation of intermediate communities.
True ## Footnote They did believe in intermediate communities but thought it always led to a climax community.
59
Fill in the blank: Early ecologists believed that a community always goes through the same series of stages during _______.
succession ## Footnote This belief included the idea of a final stable stage.

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