Unit 7, Industrialazation Flashcards
(24 cards)
Containerization
In AP Human Geography, containerization refers to the transportation of goods in standardized, intermodal shipping containers. This system allows for efficient and cost-effective movement of cargo across different modes of transport like ships, trains, and trucks without needing to be opened.
Break-of-bulk point
in AP Human Geography, a break-of-bulk point is a location where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another, such as a port or airport. This often involves breaking down large shipments into smaller containers for local delivery.
Weber’s Least Cost Theory
In AP Human Geography, Weber’s least-cost theory explains how businesses choose locations to minimize production costs and maximize profits. It focuses on minimizing transportation costs for raw materials and finished goods, labor costs, and agglomeration benefits (clustering with other industries).
Informal Economy
In AP Human Geography, the informal economy refers to economic activities that are not regulated or taxed by the government, and do not have formal labor protections. It often includes self-employed workers, small-scale businesses, and casual labor, which are not subject to formal employment laws or benefits.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a composite metric used to measure gender inequality in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation. It reveals the loss in human development potential due to unequal achievements between women and men in these areas. A lower GII value indicates less inequality, while a higher value indicates greater inequality.
Elaboration:
Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic used to rank countries based on life expectancy, education levels, and per capita income.
Formal Economy
In AP Human Geography, the formal economy refers to the legal, tax-paying, and government-regulated economic activities of a country. It contrasts with the informal economy, which includes unregistered or undocumented economic activities. Formal economy jobs are often characterized by set hours, consistent wages, and benefits like health insurance and retirement plans.
Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth
Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth is a model that describes the progression of economies from a traditional society to a high-mass consumption society through five stages: Traditional Society, Preconditions for Take-off, Take-off, Drive to Maturity, and Age of High Mass Consumption.
Dependency Theory
Dependency theory in AP Human Geography explains how the global political and economic order constrains the development of less developed countries (LDCs) due to their dependence on more developed countries (MDCs). It suggests that LDCs are exploited and kept in a state of underdevelopment by their peripheral position in the world economy, where they provide cheap labor and raw materials to MDCs.
Just in time Delivery
In AP Human Geography, just-in-time delivery (JIT) is a logistics strategy where goods arrive at a location only when needed, minimizing inventory and waste. It’s a key aspect of supply chain management, enhancing efficiency and potentially leading to higher customer satisfaction. JIT relies on a highly responsive and flexible supply chain, often involving tight coordination between businesses and their suppliers.
Complementarity
In AP Human Geography, complementarity refers to the situation where two places have opposing resources or needs, creating a potential for economic interaction. Essentially, one place has a surplus of something (goods, resources, labor) that another place demands. This potential interaction can lead to movement of goods, people, or information between the two locations.
Comparative Advantage
In AP Human Geography, comparative advantage refers to the concept that countries benefit from specializing in producing goods or services they can produce at a lower opportunity cost than other countries. This leads to increased efficiency and overall gains from trade as countries focus on their strengths and exchange goods and services with others.
Neoliberal Policies
Neoliberal policies refer to a set of economic principles that promote free markets, deregulation, and reduction of government intervention in the economy. These policies are rooted in the belief that open markets and competition lead to economic growth, and they emphasize privatization of state-owned enterprises and fiscal austerity measures.
Economies of Scale
n AP Human Geography, economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that companies gain by increasing their production output. This means that as a company produces more goods or services, the per-unit cost of production decreases.
Microloans
are small loans provided to individuals, particularly women, in developing countries to support their businesses and improve their livelihoods. These loans, often given by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) or microfinance institutions, can be crucial for starting or expanding small businesses, generating income, and promoting economic development.
special economic zones (SEZ’s)
SEZs are geographically defined areas within a country that have different economic laws and policies than the rest of the country. These policies are designed to attract foreign investment and promote rapid economic growth.
Free Trade Zones (FTZ’s)
is a designated area where goods can be landed, handled, manufactured, reconfigured, and re-exported without customs intervention, until they are moved to consumers within the zone’s country, says Britannica. Essentially, it’s a tax-free region for goods destined for export, allowing companies to avoid tariffs when importing or exporting.
Export Processing Zones (EPZ’s)
designated areas within a country offering favorable regulations and incentives to attract foreign investment and promote export-oriented manufacturing. They are essentially industrial zones with reduced regulations and tax breaks, typically in developing countries, to encourage foreign companies to produce goods for export.
Post Fordist Methods
Post-Fordist production methods in AP Human Geography refer to the shift away from the mass production and standardized assembly lines of Fordism towards more flexible, customized, and decentralized manufacturing practices. This involves using lean production and just-in-time strategies, leading to greater interaction between suppliers and manufacturers.
Agglomeration
In AP Human Geography, agglomeration refers to the clustering of businesses or industries in a specific geographic area, creating a concentration of activity. This concentration can lead to various economic benefits, such as shared infrastructure, access to a specialized labor pool, and lower costs for businesses due to the sharing of resources.
Growth Poles
In AP Human Geography, a growth pole refers to a concentrated area, often urban, where economic growth is fueled by specific industries, typically those with high levels of innovation and technological advancement. These areas tend to attract businesses and individuals seeking to benefit from the agglomeration economies and specialized workforce, leading to further development and growth.
Ecotourism
Ecotourism, as it relates to AP Human Geography, is a form of tourism focused on experiencing nature while minimizing environmental impact and supporting local communities. It promotes sustainable practices and conservation efforts, often offering jobs and economic benefits to local populations.
UN sustainable development goals
The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, are a set of 17 interconnected goals adopted by the UN in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They aim to transform the world by addressing poverty, inequality, climate change, and other global challenges.
