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weird cyto > UNIT 7 - KARYOTYPING > Flashcards

UNIT 7 - KARYOTYPING Flashcards

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1
Q

karyotype is the ____ and ____ of chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell

A

number and appearance

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2
Q

Informations found on the karyotype

A
  • Size of the Chromosome
  • Position of the Centromere
  • Presence of secondary constriction
  • Size of satellites
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3
Q

The study of whole sets of chromosomes

A

Karyology

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4
Q

Karyotype: ____
Idiogram: ____

A

Karyotype: Process
Idiogram: Result/Representation

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5
Q

Standard format of representing chromosomes

A

Decreasing sizes

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6
Q

Shows larger difference between smaller and larger chromosomes in a set

a. Asymmetric Karyotype
b. Symmetric Karyotype

A

a. Asymmetric Karyotype

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7
Q

Has more acrocentric chromosomes and relatively advanced features
a. Asymmetric Karyotype
b. Symmetric Karyotype

A

a. Asymmetric Karyotype

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8
Q

Show lesser differences between smaller and larger chromosomes
a. Asymmetric Karyotype
b. Symmetric Karyotype

A

b. Symmetric Karyotype

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9
Q

Has more metacentric chromosomes and has no advanced features

a. Asymmetric Karyotype
b. Symmetric Karyotype

A

b. Symmetric Karyotype

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10
Q

1,3,16,19,20

a. metacentric
b. submetacentric
c. acrocentric

A

a. metacentric

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11
Q

2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,17,X
a. metacentric
b. submetacentric
c. acrocentric

A

b. submetacentric

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12
Q

13,14,15,21,22,Y
a. metacentric
b. submetacentric
c. acrocentric

A

c. acrocentric

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13
Q

What are the metacentric chromosomes

A

1,3,16,19,20

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14
Q

What are the acrocentric chromosomes

A

13,14,15,21,22,Y

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15
Q

What are the submetacentric chromosomes

A

2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,17,X

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16
Q

A russian scientist that suggested that there is a predominant trend toward karyotype asymmetry in Flowering plants

A

G.A. Levitzky

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17
Q

What did G.A Levitzky used to study his suggestion

A

genus Crepis of the family Compositae

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18
Q

T/F

More symmetry; More advanced

A

False
More asymmetry; More advanced

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19
Q

____ proportion of acrocentric, ____ size ratio, _____ asymmetric

A

Higher, Higher, Higher

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20
Q

The process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes

A

Karyotyping

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21
Q

A genome-wide snapshot of an individual’s chromosomes

A

Karyotyping

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22
Q

T/F

Karyotyping canalysis can reveal chromosomal transolocations, deletions, duplications, or inversions

A

True

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23
Q

Basic Steps in Karyotyping

A

Extract Chromosomes –> Impact color –> Arrange

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24
Q

____-stained: Heterochromatin
____-stained: Euchromatin

A

Dark; Light

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25
T/F Acetylation of DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to pack tightly (heterochromatin)
False Methylation of DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to pack tightly (heterochromatin)
26
Transcription factors cannot bind the DNA and Genes are not expressed a. Heterochromatin b. Euchromatin
a. Heterochromatin
27
T/F Histone methylation results in the loose packing of nucleosomes (euchromatin)
False Histone acetylation results in the loose packing of nucleosomes (euchromatin)
28
Trancription factors can bind the DNA and genes are expressed a. Heterochromatin b. Euchromatin
b. Euchromatin
29
Acts as a fixative (methanol) a. Glacial acetic acid with methanol (1:3) b. Potassium chloride c. RPMI with Fetal Bovin Serum d. Phytohemaggluyinin
a. Glacial acetic acid with methanol (1:3)
30
A hypotonic solution a. Glacial acetic acid with methanol (1:3) b. Potassium chloride c. RPMI with Fetal Bovin Serum d. Phytohemaggluyinin
b. Potassium chloride
31
Allows lymphocyte to proliderate a. Glacial acetic acid with methanol (1:3) b. Potassium chloride c. RPMI with Fetal Bovin Serum d. Phytohemaggluyinin
c. RPMI with Fetal Bovin Serum
32
Induces mitosis and removes RBCs a. Glacial acetic acid with methanol (1:3) b. Potassium chloride c. RPMI with Fetal Bovin Serum d. Phytohemaggluyinin
d. Phytohemagglutinin
33
Arrest mitosis at metaphase stage a. Colcemid/Colchicine b. Giemsa dye c. Trypsin d. Antibiotics
a. Colcemid/Colchicine
34
primary stain used in karyotyping a. Colcemid/Colchicine b. Giemsa dye c. Trypsin d. Antibiotics
b. Giemsa dye
35
An enzyme from pig's stomach that digest chromosomes to improve staining a. Colcemid/Colchicine b. Giemsa dye c. Trypsin d. Antibiotics
c. Trypsin
36
Used to prevent contamination a. Colcemid/Colchicine b. Giemsa dye c. Trypsin d. Antibiotics
d. Antibiotics
37
T/F Penicillin is combined with streptomycin to prevent contamination
True
38
5 Major Steps in Karyotyping
1. Short-Term Lymphocyte Culture 2. Harvesting of Lymphocyte 3. Fixing the Cells 4. Making the Chromosome Slides 5. Slide Analysis
39
In Short-term Lymphocyte Culture, the cultured blood cells will be grown at ____ Celsius and Incubated for ____ days a. 37C, 2 days b. 37C, 3days c. 37C, 1 day d. 37c, 5 days
b. 37C, 3days
40
In logarithmic phase, splitting of a cell line is how many days before harvesting and changing the medium? and how many days before harvesting stimulates cell proliferation? a. 2 days, 3 days b. 2 days, 1 day c. 3 days, 2 days d, 3 days, 1 day
b. 2 days, 1 day
41
In Short-Term Lymphocyte Culture, what is added to the culture
* Culture Growth Medium * Fetal Bovine Serum * Antibiotics * Phytohemagglutinin
42
In Step 2: Harvesting of Lymphocyte, what reagent is added to arrest the cell cycle at the metapahse stage
pre-warmed colcemid
43
In Step 2: Harvesting Lymphocyte, How many minutes is the culture incubated?
15 mins
44
T/F The shorter the incubation, the more colchicine is needed
False The longer the incubation; the more colchicine is needed
45
In Step 2: Harvesting of Lymphocyte, after incubation how long and how fast is the tube centrifued?
1000 RPM for 10 mins
46
Added to allow for enrichment of long (prometaphase) chromosomes before colcemid treatment
* Actinomyci D / Ethidium bromide * Bromodeoxyuridine
47
In what step is can cell synchronization significantly increase the total yield of metaphase chromosomes
Step 2: Harvesting of Lymphocytes
48
In Step 3, the Cell is suspended in ____ state a. hypotonic b. hypertonic
a. hypotonic
49
In Step 3: Fixing the Cell, the cell pellet will be treated with what fixatib solution a. methanol: glacial acetic acid (3:1) b. Carnoy's fixative c. Either
c. Either
50
In Step 3: Fixing the Cell, after treating the cell with a fixative solution, it will be centrifuged at ____ rpm for ____ mins a. 1000 rpm; 5 mins b. 1200 rpm; 5 mins c. 1000 rpm; 10 mins d. 1200 rpm; 10 mins
b. 1200 rpm; 5 mins
51
T/F In Step 4: Making the Chromosome Slides, 5 to 6 cold slides are prepared and adeed with 2 to 3 drops of the sample
True
52
T/F In Step 4: Making the Chromosome slide, staining of the chromosome takes place in this step
True
53
In Step 5: Slide Analysis, the slide must be?
* Properly-trypsinized chromosomes * Clearly-defined metaphase spreading
54
who published the first paper describing the use of **quinacrine mustard** to stain chromosomes?
Caspersson et al.
55
What was the first attempt to provide the nomenclature for chromosome banding?
Paris Report
56
GC-rich region a. Euchromatin b. Heterochromatin
a. Euchromatin
57
AT-rich region
b. Heterochromatin
58
Giemsa stain is used and AT-rich recgion is darker than GC-rich region a. G-banding b. Q-banding c. R-banding d. C- banding
a. G-banding
59
Quinarcine fluoresecent dye stain is used and AT-rich recgion is darker than GC-rich region a. G-banding b. Q-banding c. R-banding d. C- banding
b. Q-banding
60
Opposite to G-banding, Hetero: Light; Eu: Dark a. G-banding b. Q-banding c. R-banding d. C- banding
c. R-banding
61
Stains heterochromatic regions close to the centromeres a. G-banding b. Q-banding c. R-banding d. C- banding
d. C- banding
62
Strong alkali used in C-banding
Barium hydroxide
63
Banding technique used in heteromorphism a. Q-banding b. G-banding c. N-banding d. C-banding
a. Q-banding
64
Disadvatage of this banding is the tendency to fade during examination a. Q-banding b. G-banding c. N-banding d. C-banding
a. Q-banding
65
Used in the identification of bands rich in sulfure content a. Q-banding b. G-banding c. N-banding d. C-banding
b. G-banding
66
Used in the identification of chromosomal abnormalities and gene mapping a. Q-banding b. G-banding c. N-banding d. C-banding
b. G-banding
67
Can't be used in plants b. G-banding
Used in the identifcation of nucleolar organizer region (NOR) a. Q-banding b. G-banding c. N-banding d. C-banding
68
Used in the identifcation of nucleolar organizer region (NOR) a. Q-banding b. G-banding c. N-banding d. C-bandingh
c. N-banding
69
Superior banding patterns for plants a. Q-banding b. G-banding c. N-banding d. C-banding
c. N-banding
70
Banding used for the identifcation of chromosomes in **insects and plants** a. Q-banding b. G-banding c. N-banding d. C-banding
d. C-banding
71
Banding used for the identification of bivalents at diakinesis using both centromere position a. Q-banding b. G-banding c. N-banding d. C-banding
d. C-banding
72
Banding used for Paternity Testing and Gene Mapping a. Q-banding b. G-banding c. N-banding d. C-banding
d. C-banding
73

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