Unit 7 - Male Genitalia / Female Genitalia Flashcards
(45 cards)
Label the coronal section of the penis.
Where do the nerves and arteries supply the penis arise from?
> Dorsal arteries branch from internal pudendal artery which is a branch of internal iliac artery.
> Dorsal nerves arise from pudendal nerve
Label the male pelvis.
Describe the pathway of sperm starting from its production in the seminiferous tubules ending with its passage through the spongy urethra.
0- Bulbourethral gland secretes alkaline solution
1- Testis (seminiferous tubules)
2- Rete testis
3- Head > Tail of epididymis
4- Vas deferens > through inguinal canal
5- Ampulla of vas deferens
6- Seminal vesicle
7- Ejaculating duct
8- Urethra (all 4 parts)
9- External urethral opening
1- What is the purpose of the inguinal canal in males?
2- Give a reason why it is important to understand the structure of the inguinal canal?
1- Functions as a passageway for structures between the intra- and extra-abdominal structures. > Transmits the spermatic cord(nerves, arteries,veins lymphatics) and gonadal vessels
2- Potential weakness in the abdominal wall, and thus a common site of herniation….
Testicular torsion > spermatic chord twists upon itself leading to strangulation of testicular artery = necrosis of testis
Below is an image of the prostate showing its key zones.
Which zones are commonly associated with the following pathologies?
1- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
2- Prostatic carcinoma
1- Benign prostatic hyperplasia > Transitional zone
» Increase in size of prostate without presence of malignancy
2- Prostatic carcinoma > Peripheral zone
Where does Vas deferens start and end? Describe its entire course.
1- Tail of epididymis
2- Inside spermatic chord
3- Cross inguinal canal
4- Emerges from spermatic chord at deep inguinal ring
5- Crosses external iliac vessels
6- Cross the ureter
7- Along bladder
8- Joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the Ejaculatory duct
What is found within the spermatic chord?
- Testicular artery
- Vas deferens
- Testicle
- Pampiniform plexus
- Nerves
- Lymph nodes
Name the 3 glands within the male genital system and state their function.
1- Bulbourethral: Lubricate/ neutralise urine before ejaculation
2- Seminal gland: Produce fluids that will turn into semen
3- Prostate gland: Produce hormones, produce seminal fluid, which is a component of semen and helps regulate urine flow
1- Describe which order you would encounter the parts of male urethra when inserting a catheter.
Within which structures is each part found?
2- Which urethral sphincter is voluntary/involuntary? State the function for the involuntary sphincter that ONLY males have.
Question 1-
1- Spongy > Cavernous spongiosum
2- Membranous > External urethral sphincter
3- Prostate > Prostate
4- Pre-prostate > Internal urethral sphincter
Question 2-
- External = Voluntary
- Internal = Involuntary
> Prevents retrograde ejaculation (semen going up the bladder)
Insertion of a urinary catheter in male urethra…
* Which of these parts might offer resistance?
The membranous urethra is a short and narrow segment, passing through the urogenital diaphragm. Resistance may be encountered in this area
What is the duct that is formed with the joining of the seminal vesicle and the ductus deferens
- Ejaculatory duct
*You have a right and left ejaculatory duct as you have 2 testes , 2 ductus deferens , 2 seminal vesicles and 2 ejaculatory ducts which then come together to form one prostatic urethra.
Describe the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to male genital organs.
- PARASYMPATHETIC: POINT (erect)
> Pelvic splanchnic nerve
> S2-S4 - SYMPATHETIC: SHOOT (ejaculate)
>Lumbar splanchnic nerve
> L1 and L2
Describe the somatic innervation to male genitalia?
- SOMATIC: Sensation
> Pudendal nerve
> S2-4
From where does the blood supply arise to the following structures:
a) Testis
b) Scrotum
c) Penis
a) Testis : Paired testicular arteries from abdominal aorta
b) Scrotum: Anterior and posterior scrotal arteries from external and internal pudendal artery
c) Penis: Dorsal arteries and deep artery and bulbourethral artery from internal pudendal artery from internal iliac artery
Describe the difference between the abdomen, pelvis and perineum.
The abdomen is the area between the thorax and the pelvis, which contains the digestive organs > Bordered superiorly by the diaphragm and inferiorly by the pelvic bones.
The pelvis is the bony structure located between the abdomen and the legs, which provides support for the pelvic organs and the lower extremities. It is made up of the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones, which fuse together during development. Contains internal genitalia
The perineum is the area between the anus and the external genitalia in both males and females. It contains various muscles, nerves, and blood vessels that are involved in bowel and bladder control, sexual function, and childbirth.
Answer the following on abdomen, pelvis and perineum:
- Is peritoneum present in each region?
- What separates each of the 3 regions?
- Peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it
- The pelvic cavity is lined by the pelvic peritoneum, which is a continuation of the abdominal peritoneum.
- The perineum, on the other hand, is lined by the pelvic fascia and the urogenital diaphragm, which are connective tissues that support and separate the pelvic organs from the external genitalia and the anus.
Define the following parts of the penis.
- Bulb
- Crura
- Body
- Glands
- Bulb: Base of penis
- Crura: Root of corpus cavernosa attach to ishiopubic rami as 2 separate structures
- Body: Part between roots and glands
- Glands: Tip of penis
What is the function of the following muscles in erection and ejaculation in both females and males?
- Bulbospongiosus
- Ischiocavernosus
What is their innervation?
- Innervated by the pudendal nerve
- Located in perineum
1- Ischiocavernosus
> Maintains the rigidity of the penis/clitoris during erection, and for helping to expel semen or vaginal secretions during ejaculation or orgasm.
2- Bulbospongiosus
> MALES:
- Expel semen during ejaculation via contracting rhythmically
- Compress the urethra aid in the expulsion of urine
> FEMALES
- Contracts rhythmically, which can enhance sexual pleasure and help to maintain clitoral erection.
- Compress the vaginal opening during orgasm, which can increase sexual satisfaction and aid in achieving orgasm.
1- Where do testicular arteries arise? Why is their location so dissimilar from the blood supply to the rest of pelvis and perineum?
2- Do the left and right testicular veins follow the same drainage pattern?
1- Abdominal aorta
> Testis produced in lumbar region and during foetal development move down via Gubernaculum
2- NO
- Right = IVC
- Left = Left renal vein
Why is the lymphatics of testis different to scrotum? What is the clinical significance of this?
Testis = Para aortic lymph nodes
Scrotum = Superficial inguinal
> Testis originate from lumbar/abdominal region > Tescticular cancer can spread to abdomen!
1- What is the opening/ exit from the inguinal canal?
2- What passes through inguinal canal in females and males?
3- What forms the floor of inguinal canal?
4- What common pathology affects the canal?
1- (Image)
2-
Males : Spermatic chord
Females : Round ligament of uterus
Vessels and nerves
3- Inguinal ligament
4- Inguinal hernias
Where would you locate the bladder?
- The most anterior organ
- On top of pubic symphysis
What is the similarity between spermatic chord in males and suspensory ligament in females?
The female suspensory ligament is a band of fibrous tissue that attaches the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall. It contains the ovarian artery, ovarian vein, and ovarian nerve. The suspensory ligament helps to support and stabilize the ovary within the pelvic cavity.
The male spermatic cord is a bundle of structures that extends from the testes to the inguinal canal, and includes the vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus of veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. The spermatic cord helps to suspend and position the testes within the scrotum.
