Unit 7 markscheme bingo [excluding mentrual cycle & stuff]

Question 1

Functioning of Endocrine Glands. (4)

Answer 1

• Endocrine system
• secretes hormones
• chemical messenger, bloodstream, target organs
• Achieves homeostasis

Question 2

Adrenals and Adrenaline. (6)

Answer 2

• Adrenal Gland
• Flight or fight
• Increases heart rate/pressure
• Liver, glycogen -> glucose
• Vasoconstriction - gut (for respiration)
• Vasodilation - muscles
• (Bronchodilation - extension)

Question 3

Thyroxine (6)

Answer 3

• Hormone
• Produced at thyroid gland
• Controls metabolic rate
• Hypothalamus releases TRH
• Pituitary gland releases TSH
• Detection in hypothalamus
• Increased consumption calories and fat - weight loss

Question 4

Importance of maintaining a constant internal environment in response to internal and external change: osmoregulation (blood concentration regulation) (4)

Answer 4

• Low conc of solute + high conc of water molecules
• Swell and lysis of red blood cells
• High conc of solute molecules + low conc of water
• Dehydration and kidney
• Cells shrivel or crenate

Question 5

Importance of maintaining a constant internal environment in response to internal and external change: thermoregulation (4)

Answer 5

• Collision, activation energy
• ESCs formed
• Denaturation - too hot
• Low rate of reaction - too cold
• Hypothermia and hyperthermia

Question 6

Thermoregulation too hot (6)

Answer 6

• Thermoreceptors, thermoregulatory center, hypothalamus
• When hot:
• Vasodilation, more blood flow close to skin increases radiation
• Hair erector muscles relax, hair lays flat more convection + radiation.
• Sweat glands produce more sweat and therefore more heat energy lost to evaporation

Question 7

Thermoregulation too cold (6)

Answer 7

• Thermoreceptors, thermoregulatory center, hypothalamus
• Vasoconstriction, less blood flow close to skin, decreases radiation.
• Hair, erector muscles contract, capture layer of warm air, less heat loss to convection + radiation
• Skeletal muscles quickly contract (shivering), exothermic respiration of muscles releases heat energy.

Question 8

Action of insulin (4)

Answer 8

• Beta cells in pancreas
• Glycogen produced from glucose
• Absorption of glucose into cells from blood
• Lower blood glucose concentration

Question 9

Action of glucagon (4)

Answer 9

• Alpha cells in pancreas
• Glycogen broken down to glucose in muscle and liver
• Increases blood glucose concentration

Question 10

Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent) and how it is controlled (5)

Answer 10

• Autoimmune disease
• pancreas cannot produce enough insulin
• immune system destroys own pancreatic cells
• insulin therapy (injections)
• Constant blood glucose monitoring
• limit simple carbohydrates
• Exercise (uses glucose in respiration in muscles)
• stem cell transplants (future)

Question 11

Type 2 diabetes and how it is controlled (5)

Answer 11

• Decrease glucose sensitivity/increased insulin resistance
• Risk factors: obesity, BMI, waist-hip ratio, sedentary lifestyle
• Treatments: diet, exercise
• drugs increase glucose sensitivity/lower insulin resistance.
• possible insulin injections

Question 12

Ultrafiltration (6)

Answer 12

• Filtration + driving pressure
• Glomerular capillaries surrounded by afferent and efferent arterioles
• high hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus
• Filtration apparatus
• endothelium wall
• selectively permeable basement membrane
• podocytes
• red blood cells and proteins stay in blood and leave through efferent arteriole
• small molecules and fluid pass through Bowman’s capsule (start of nephron)

Question 13

Selective Reabsorption (6)

Answer 13

• All glucose, amino acids reabsorbed
• Most water and ions (Na+) reabsorbed
• Cells of PCT absorb through active transport (using ATP)
• Urea remains in nephrons

Question 14

ADH (6)

Answer 14

• Anti Diuretic Hormone
• High conc. of ions in the blood/low water concentration detected by hypothalamus:
• posterior pituitary releases more ADH
• aquaporins (proteins) placed into collecting duct cell membrane
• more water reabsorbed
• low conc. Of ions/ high water concentration = less ADH
• less water reabsorbed

Question 15

Kidney Failure Treatment (4)

Answer 15

• Kidney Dialysis (3 times weekly, takes 4-6 hours)
• attached to a dialyzer + fistula requires surgery to be made
• remove toxins (urea)
• maintain water/ion levels
• artificially cleaned blood pumped back
• Kidney transplant
• surgery + donor kidney
• risks associated with anaesthetic, infection
  -life-long anti-rejection medication - causes immunosuppression
• tissue match required to help prevent rejection