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AP Psych > Unit 7: Motivation > Flashcards

Unit 7: Motivation Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes or directs behavior

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2
Q

instinct

A

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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3
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of a steady internal state

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5
Q

incentives

A

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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6
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

moderate arousal leads to optimal performance

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7
Q

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be first satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

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8
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues, when its level is low, we feel hunger

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9
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the resting rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic bodily functions

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10
Q

personality

A

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

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11
Q

psychodynamic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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11
Q

psychoanalysis

A
  1. Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
  2. Freud’s therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretation of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patients to gain self-insight
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12
Q

unconscious

A

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

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13
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method ofexploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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14
Q

id

A

a reservoir of unconsciou psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

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15
Q

ego

A

the largely consious executive part of the personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
Operates on the reality principle, satisfying id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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16
Q

superego

A

the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (conscience) and for future aspirations

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17
Q

grit

A

passionate dedication to an ambitious, long-term goal

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18
Q

affiliation need

A

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

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19
Q

emotions

A

a response of the whole organism involving:
1. physiological arousal
2. expressive behaviors
3. conscious experience

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20
Q

James-Lange theory

A

theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus
stimulus –> arousal –> emotion

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21
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers:
1. physiological responses
2. subjective experience of emotion
but completely separately

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22
Q

two-factor theory

A

Scachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must:
1. be physically aroused
2. cognitvely label the arousal

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23
Q

insulin

Study These Flashcards
A

controls blood glucose

24
ghrelin
appetite hormone secreted by an empty stomach
25
leptin
appetite hormone secreted by fat cells
26
orexin
appetite hormone secreted by the hypothalamus
27
PYY
appetite hormone secreted by the digestive tract
28
facial feedback effect
tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings
29
behavior feedback effect
tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
30
stress
process of appraising and responding to a threatening/challenging event called a stressor
31
general adaption syndrom (GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive responses to stress in three phases— 1. alarm (sympathetic NS becomes active) 2. resistance (hormones, temperature and respiration remain high-can exhaust body's reserves after a while) 3. exhaustion (become vulnerable to illness, collapse and death)
32
tend and befriend response
under stress, people (esp. women) often provide support to others and bond with and seeks support from others
33
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
34
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
35
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
36
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
37
catharsis
the idea that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges
38
positive psychology
scientific study of human flourishingm with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
39
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate quality of life
40
adaption level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
41
relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
42
projective test
a personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
43
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
44
identification
the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
45
fixate
the lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
46
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
47
collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
48
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
projective test in which people express their inner feelings through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
49
Rorschach inkblot test
most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation
50
unconditional positive regard
an attitude of grace that values us even knowing our failings
51
traits
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
52
personality inventories
a questionnaire designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
53
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
most widely researched and clinically used personality test; originally developed to identify emotional disorders
54
empirically derived
a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate b/w groups
55
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
56
self-efficacy
a belief in one’s ability to be successful in the future in a specific task
57
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
58

AP Psych (8 decks)

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