Unit 7: Personality Flashcards by Nsima Ikpe

An individual’s unique and relatively stable patterns of behavior, characteristics, thoughts, and emotions

Personality

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Assume unconscious forces determine behavior and influence personality, separating the mind into 3 levels; conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

Psychodynamic Theories

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Sense of reality

Conscious

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Thoughts can be brought to a conscious level;

Preconscious

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Beyond our awareness

Unconscious

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Frued’s theory of personality, dream interpretation and psychotherapy

Psychoanalysis

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Exists at birth, pleasure principle, libido unconscious level (Do what you feel, don’t care how other people feel)

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Reality-based, reality principle, unconscious and conscious (I need to do a lot of planning to get it/middle ground)

Ego

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Morality principle, unconscious and preconscious (you can’t have it, its not right)

Superego

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Blocking/ignoring from conscious

Repression

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Revert back to earlier stage of development

Regression

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Placing anger on something or someone other than the source

Displacement

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Project your own issues or feelings onto someone else

Projection

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Ego refuses to accept reality

Denial

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Turn unacceptable urge into something acceptable (for me)

Reaction-Formation

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create explanation or excuse

Rationalization

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Redirect to something with social value (the world or society says its a good thing)

Sublimation

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0 to 1; Mouth, tongue, lips; Weaning off breast feeding or formula

Adult Fixation: Smoking and overeating

Oral

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1 to 3; Anus; Toilet training (control)

Adult Fixation: Orderliness and Messiness

Anal

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3 to 6; Genitals; Resolving Oedipus/ Electra Complex (Proud of their “parts”)

Adult Fixations: Deviancy and Sexual Dysfunction

Phallic

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6 to 12; developing defense mechanisms

Adult Fixations: None

Latency (Calm)

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12+; Genitals; Reaching full sexual maturity

Adult Fixation: If all stages were successfully completed then the person should be sexually matured and mentally healthy

Genital

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Paul Costa and Robert McCrea 5 Factor Model; focus on observable personality characteristics

OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Trait Theories

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Stable personality characteristics of behavior, thought process, and emotions

Traits

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Imagination, ideas, feelings, actions

Openness

Competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven

Conscientiousness

Sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression

Extraversion

Cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured

Agreeableness

Tendency toward unstable emotions

Neuroticism

Is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge

Motivation

Inside motivation, pushes us to be driven

Intrinsic Motivation

Outside motivation, pulls us to be driven

Extrinsic Motivation

When rewarded behavior can actually decrease intrinsic motivation

Overjustification Effect

We are motivated by our inborn automated behavior. Only explains why we do small fractions of our behavior. A behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned

Instinct Theory

Psychological need creates an aroused state that drives an organism to reduce the need. Our behavior is motivated by biological needs. Homeostasis, lack of = tension Internal Push

Drive Reduction Theory

Positive or negative stimuli that lure/repel us. Operant learning. When there is both a need and an incentive we feel strongly driven (pulled)

Incentive Theory

Human motivation seeks not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal at which we will be free to explore and learn Too little arousal = bored, biological needs not met Too much arousal = stress, anxiety

Optimum Arousal Theory

Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs and all needs are not created equal. We are driven to satisfy the lower-level needs first. We can not achieve the higher needs until the lower ones have been satisfied Self-Actualization

Hierarchy of Needs (Self-Actualization Theory)

Hunger doesn't come from our stomach, it comes from our ______ and is controlled by the ______

Brain, Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus wants to maintain stable weight (homeostasis) Lateral hypo when you diet, venti hypo when you lose weight

Set Point Theory

The hormone insulin converts _______ to fat Excessive______= weight gain When _____ levels drop, hunger increases

Glucose

Push us to eat

Internal Hunger Cues

Pulls us to eat

External Hunger Cues

Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food)

Bulimia Nervosa

Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight; see themselves as fat; vast majority are women

Anorexia Nervosa

Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues; mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards _____ (hormone leptin involved)

Obesity

Choice between two positive desirable choices

Approach-Approach Conflict

Choice between two undesirable choices

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

When an event goal has negative and positive features

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Choice between multiple things with both positive and negative aspects

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Experience that begins with stimulus and includes physiological responses; subjective emotional feelings and emotional reactions

Emotions

Change of heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, autonomic nervous system

Physiological Responses

Facial expressions, body language, posture

Emotional Expressions

William James and Carl Lange Stimulus>physiological response>emotion Stimulus triggers a response from our autonomic nervous system which dictates emotion; no cognition

James-Lange Theory

Walter Cannon and Philip Bard Stimulus> emotion and physiological changes at the same time No cognition; reduced intensity of emotions

Cannon-Bard Theory

Stanely Schacter STimulus> physiological response>interpretation>emotion Includes cognition Understand their state or arousal

Schacter Two-Factor Theory

Stimulus>appraisal>emotion The "appraisal" can take place without our effort or awareness

Richard Lazarus's Appraisal Theory

Stimulus> Emotion No continuous appraisal

Joseph Ledoux's Theory

Paul Ekman How do we read emotions of others? Nonverbal cues, gestures, facial expressions, and the six universal facial expressions

Cross-Cultural Displays of Emotion

Body language

Nonverbal Cues

(Hand-shakes, thumbs up) can mean different things across cultures

Gestures

Have been found to represent the same emotions across cultures

Facial Expressions

Disgust, sadness, happiness, anger, fear, surprise

Six Universal Facial Expressions

Tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings

Facial Feed-Back Hypothesis

A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it. The arousal, both physical and mental, to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging

Stress

Negative stress

Distress

Positive Stress

Eustress

A condition or event in the environment that challenges or threatens a person; have different effects and impacts on people's lives

Stressor

Small, everyday problems that accumulate to become a source of stress

Frustrations

A negative emotional state when outside or environmental factors prevent them from reaching a goal

External Factors

When internal characteristics impede their progress toward a goal (when you get on your own nerves)

Personal Frustration

Events that can cause psychological injury or intense emotional pain

Traumatic Stressors

Moving, leaving home, losing a job, getting divorced, or having a loved one die; can also be positive, such as getting engaged or married

Significant Life Changes

Ongoing, long-lasting, unpleasant event

Chronic Stressors

Long-term, repeated exposure to stressors that may cause physical, mental, and/or emotional exhuastion

Burnout

Forced choice between two or more incompatible goals or impulses

Conflict

Is the stressor relevant? Is it threatening? Is the experience positive?

Primary Appraisal

Do I have a course of action to take? Considering the resources available to cope with the stressors

Secondary Appraisal

Physically removing oneself from the source of frustration or psychologically escaping; mood-altering behavior

Escape

Developed by Hans Selye Thress Stage process to respond to stressors; alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

GAS Stage: Appraises the stressor and mobilizes resources to cope

Alarm

GAS Stage: Tries to cope with stress

Resistance

GAS Stage: The person's energy is depleted

Exhaustion

The arousal of the autonomic nervous system that occurs in response to a stressor

Stress Reactions

Heart rate increases; blood pressure increases; respiration becomes rapid and shallow; liver releases stores of glycogen, thus raising the blood sugar level Digestive system shuts down and blood reroutes to muscles and pupils dilate; hair stands up on end; excitatory hormones secreted; muscle tense

Flight or Flight Response

HPA (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland) Axis Prolonged elevation of cortisol is related to: increased depression, memory problems, and impaired immune system

Effects of Stress

The act of facing and dealing with problems and stressors, especially over the long term

Coping

Controlling or replacing the negative emotional response to the stressor

Emotion-focused coping

Managing or fixing the distressing situation

Problem-focused coping

Attempts to refrain from the stressors, changing one's perception and assumptions about the stressor

Appraisal-focused coping