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Unit 7 - Review Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Sources of Carbon Dioxide

A

Wildfires, Volcanic Eruptions and Cellular Respiration

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2
Q

Anthropogenic Sources of Carbon Dioxide

A

Complete Combustion of Fossil Fuels

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3
Q

Effects of Carbon Dioxide

A

Greenhouse Effect (as Carbon Dioxide is a greenhouse gas)

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4
Q

Natural Sources of Carbon Monoxide

A

Wildfires, Volcanic Eruption

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5
Q

Anthropogenic Sources of Carbon Monoxide

A

Incomplete Combustion of Fossil Fuels

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6
Q

Effects of Carbon Monoxide

A

Asphyxiation and Death

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7
Q

Natural Sources of Nitrogen Oxide

A

Volcanoes and Lightening (think Nitrogen Cycle)

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8
Q

Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrogen Oxides

A

Vehicle Combustion Engines
Factory Emissions

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9
Q

Effects of Nitrogen Oxides

A

Causes Photochemical Smog, Acid Rain and respiratory irritation

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10
Q

Natural Sources of Sulfur Dioxide

A

Volcanoes and Lightening

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11
Q

Anthropogenic Sources of Sulfur Dioxide

A

Coal combustion and Diesel Fuel Combustion

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12
Q

Effects of Sulfur Dioxide

A

Acid Rain and respiratory irritation

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13
Q

Natural Sources of VOCs

A

Plants :)

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14
Q

Anthropogenic Sources of VOCs

A

Paint, Gasoline, Formaldehyde

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15
Q

Effects of VOCs

A

Formation of photochemical smog

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16
Q

What air pollutants does combustion produce?

A

Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Lead
Mercury
PM
VOCs
Nitrogen Oxides
Sulfur Dioxide

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17
Q

What are the six criteria air pollutants identified in Clean Air Act

A

Carbon Monoxide
Lead
Tropospheric Ozone
Nitrogen Dioxide
PM
Sulfur Dioxide
(manmade and directly impact health)

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18
Q

Main source of lead in atmosphere and how did CCA (Clean Air Act) reduce emissions

A

Combustion of Leaded Gasoline, banned by the Clean Air Act.

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19
Q

What is the cap-and-trade program and how did it reduce Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

A

What it is: This program basically set a limits to Sulfur Dioxide emissions on largest polluters in the world and at the end of the timeframe, if the company was under the limit they would be compensated financially and make a profit. This made companies more aware of their pollution and try to reduce it.

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20
Q

How does photochemical smog form?

A

Forms from the mixture of primary and secondary pollutants that form when

Nitric Oxides + VOCs + Sunlight –> Ozone (Tropospheric) and PANs

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21
Q

Where is photochemical smog most likely to form?

A

In the cities, because NOx and VOCs are emitted from combustion (cars) and cities have more of these reactions to produce photochemical smog.

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22
Q

Why is photochemical smog formation greatest in afternoon and summertime

A

Reaction to make photochemical smog requires sunlight or UV rays. The most UV is present during the afternoon and in he summer.

23
Q

What are the negative effects of photochemical smog?

A

hazy decreases sunlight available to producers lowering NPP

Pollutants cause respiratory and eye issues.

(ASK Merrill) PANs in smog burn plant tissue

24
Q

How can we reduce photochemical smog in the atmosphere?

A

-Using EV/Hybrid cars
- Installing air pollution control devices that reduce NOx and VOCs
- Improving vehicle fuel economy

25
What is a thermal inversion?
Reversal of usual temperature gradient. Usually it's warm -> cold -> coldest but with thermal inversion it's cold -> warm ->coldest
26
Why does thermal inversion occur?
It occurs when weather conditions change or between valleys and mountains.
27
How do thermal inversions impact air pollution?
It traps air to the earth, reducing circulation and rapping smog and other pollutants to the ground increasing concentration.
28
What is PM?
PM can be liquid droplets or microscopic solid particles in the atmosphere
29
What are examples and natural sources of PM?
Examples include mold spores, ash, dust, smoke and pollen. Sources include windblown soil, wildfires, volcanic eruption and plants.
30
What is Radon-222?
Indoor pollutant formed from decay of uranium found in soil and rocks. It enters homes through cracks in the foundation and walls. Second leading cause of lung cancer.
31
What is Asbestos?
Indoor pollutant that is a particulate found in insulation installed before 1980 (banned later) and causes mesothelioma. It is essentially tiny glass shards that was used in insulation.
32
What is Lead?
Lead is an indoor pollutant found in old paint and it causes neurological and brain damage
33
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide (as an air pollutant) is a product of incomplete combustion and causes asphyxiation.
34
Tobacco Smoke
Indoor pollutant released by cigarettes and causes lung cancer, respiratory issues and heart disease.
35
Indoor sources of mold
Mold is a naturally occurring pollutant that is basically airborne spores in a moist environment
36
Indoor sources of dust
Dust is a naturally occurring indoor pollutant that forms from organic matter and soil particulates
37
Indoor sources of VOC
VOCs are a manmade indoor pollutant that comes from furniture, paneling and carpeting
38
Indoor sources of Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides are formed from combustion and originate from unvented gas appliances, fireplaces and vehicle exhaust
39
Indoor sources of Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxides are formed from combustion and originate from unvented gas appliances and vehicle exhaust
40
How can humans reduce air pollutants?
- increase airflow and ventilation - clean chimney annually - buy products with low VOC rating - air out new furniture before moving it inside - seal cracks in basement to prevent radon - lowering humidity to prevent mold - replace air filter - seat smokers outside
41
How can humans reduce outdoor air pollution
- increasing government regulation - reducing energy consumption - alternative fuels (clean energy) - installing air pollution control devices
42
What are Catalytic Converters
They are an air pollution control device that converts hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide into nitrogen gas, oxygen gas, carbon dioxide and water vapor.
43
What are Electrostatic Precipitators?
They are an air pollution control device that remove fine particles such as soot and ash from industrial emissions.
44
What are Vapor recovery nozzles?
They are an air pollution control devices on fuel pumps that capture gases during the fueling process
45
Wet and dry scrubbers
They are an air pollution control device that removes acidic air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and particulates from industrial exhaust emissions
46
How does Acid Rain form?
Nitrogen Oxides and Sulfur dioxide from vehicle exhaust and coal burning power plants accumulate in the atmosphere where they react with water vapor to form Nitric Acid and Sulfuric Acid, lowering the pH of rainwater making it more acidic
47
Effects of Acid Rain
- Corrosion of structures - decreased soil pH - Increased leeching of calcium and other minerals from soil - decreased health of organisms who are not tolerant of low pH.
48
How can acid rain be reduced?
- Switching from coal to clean energy - Use low sulfur coal instead -hybrid/electric vehicles - installing air pollution control devices
48
What areas are more likely to experience acid rain
Cities and areas downwind of coal burning power plants since those cause the pollutants that turn into acid and rain back down.
49
What kind of soil/bedrock minimizes environmental impact of acid rain?
Limestone made from Calcium Carbonate is a basic (high pH) rock that acts like a buffer and can neutralize the acid in the acid rain (and by extension the effects of acid rain)
50
What is noise pollution?
Any sound that causes harm like physiological stress or hearing loss to organisms.
51
What causes noise pollution?
Human activities like construction, transportation and industrial processes
52
Impacts of Noise Pollution?
Impacts organisms that rely on sound to hunt and communicate. Can effect migratory patterns
53
How can noise pollution be reduced?
Using barriers like trees and walls can prevent sounds from spreading throughout an environment preventing loud construction near vulnerable ecosystems.

APES (1 decks)

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