Unit 7: The Early 20th Century (1890-1945) Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Progressives
A
urban, middle-class reformers based off of Populists who wanted to increase the role of government in reform while maintaining a capitalist economy
successful: urban, new organizations, no regional class differences
2
Q
muckrakers
A
revealed widespread corruption in urban management (Lincoln Steffen), oil companies (Ida Tarbell), and the meatpacking industry (Upton Sinclair)
3
Q
NAACP
A
led by WEB Du Bois but strenuous
4
Q
Feminist movement
A
women faced conservative opposition - Margaret Sanger (contraceptives), and the 19th amendment
5
Q
Robert La Follette
A
implemented plans for direct primary elections, progressive taxation, and rail regulation
6
Q
ballot initiative
A
voters can propose new laws
7
Q
referendum
A
allowed the public to vote on new laws
8
Q
recall election
A
gave voters the power to remove officials from office before their terms expired
9
Q
Working-class Progressive successes
A
limits on work day, minimum-wage requirements, child labor laws, and urban housing codes
10
Q
President Theodore Roosevelt
A
Progressive leader, became president after McKinley’s assassination
11
Q
Roosevelt’s liberal policies
A
- investigated major railroad company and broke it up
- negotiated conflict between coal mine owners and workers – major concessions
- used sherman Antitrust Act against monopolies
- Meat Inspection Act
- Pure Food and Drug Act
- National Park Service
12
Q
William Howard Taft’s progressive policies
A
- (16th amendment) national income tax
- (17th amendment) direct election of senators
- “dollar diplomacy” – secure favorable relationships with Latin America and East Asia with monetary loans
13
Q
Woodrow Wilson
A
3rd progressive president, ran on Bull Moose ticket, referred to ideals as New Freedom (increase federal control over business to restore competition)
14
Q
Wilson’s progressive policies
A
Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, and Federal Reserve System
15
Q
Decline of Progressivism
A
- After WWI and the Spanish Flu - decline in moral crusade
- war and Red Scare divided
16
Q
Platt Amendment (Roosevelt)
A
committed Cuba to American control -Cuba cannot make treaties w/o US approval, and US had the right to intervene in Cuban affairs
–> US military in Cuba = anti-US sentiments
17
Q
Panama Canal
A
Roosevelt wanted canal to shorten sea trip:
- encouraged Panamanian rebels to revolt with Colombia offered high price for canal
- new Panamanian govt gave better deal
- -> US military in region
18
Q
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine / “Big Stick Policy”
A
the claim that Latin American domestic instability constituted a threat to American security
19
Q
Neutrality
A
Wilson immediately declared neutrality when WWI broke out - treat all belligerents fairly without favoritism
20
Q
Problems with neutrality
A
US close relationship to Europe and support of the allies
21
Q
English blockade on Germany
A
England paid for lost US cargo = US continued trade with Enngland
22
Q
German subs / U-boats
A
attacked civilian ships carrying military attacks - did not need to warn because it eliminated advantage
23
Q
Lusitania
A
US passenger ship sunk by German U-boats –> provoked US hatred for Germany
–> Germany ceased warfare
24
Q
Arabic
A
2nd US passenger ship sunk by Germany –> prepared for war
25
Zimmermann Telegram
telegram from German Foreign Minister Zimmermann to the German ambassador to Mexico: outlined plan to keep US out of war, promise to help Mexico and Japan regain lost land
--> US declared war on Germany
26
War Industries Board
coordinated all facets of industrial and agricultural production
slow and inefficient
27
Espionage Act
prohibited anyone from using the US mail system to interfere with the war effort or the draft
28
Selective Service Act of 1917
instituted war draft
29
Sedition Act
made it illegal to try to prevent the sale of war bonds or to speak disparagingly of the country
30
Schneck v. United States
ruled that one's freedom of speech and other civil liberties were not absolute and could be curtailed if one's actions posed a "clear and present danger"
31
Red Scare
increased public paranoia from government suppression and Russian Revolution = fear of communist takeover
branded radical labor unions and Eugene Debs (socialist) enemies
32
Federal Bureau of Investigation
prevented radicals from taking over
33
Palmer Raids
Attorney General Mitchell Palmer organized raids on suspected radical groups
--> few bombs/weapons found, deported immigrants
34
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
wartime propaganda - crated image of Germans as cold-blooded, baby-killing, power-hungry Huns
35
American treatment of Germans during WWI
rejected all things german and instigated violent acts against immigrants and descendants
36
Women during WWI
worked in factories, Rosie the Riveter, lost jobs when vets returned
37
African Americans during WWI
increased the Great Migration with labor shortage in the North
many joined the army - segregated and given menial labor
38
Fourteen Points
Wilson's plan for WWI treaty: free trade, freedom of the seas, reduction of arms supplies, end of colonialism, creation of the League of Nations
39
Treaty of Versailles
European Allies wanted to punish Germany -- forced Germany to cede colonial territories, discard, pay huge reparations, and admit total fault
created League of Nations
40
Separation of powers and checks and balances
the president could negotiate treaties, but were subject to Senate ratification
41
Article X of the League of Nations
believed curtailed US ability to act independently in foreign affairs - Congress's power to declare war
42
Debate over League of Nations
Democrats who supported Wilson, Irreconcilables (Republicans opposed), and Reservationists (Republicans led by Henry Cabot Lodge)
43
Defeat of Treaty of Versailles
Wilson's stubbornness to compromise
- -> US did not join League
- -> isolation
44
Post-WWI economy
brief slump --> prosperity
| caused by practical electric motor = new machines and domestic appliances, expansion of other industries
45
Pro-business 1920s
- large businesses were convenient and cheap, and had good products
- govt assisted rather than regulated
- decreased public favor of unions
46
President Warren Harding
- had corrupt advisors - Teapot Dome Scandal
- supported antilynching laws
- helped farmers with loans
47
Teapot Dome Scandal
oil companies bribed secretary of the interior in order to drill on public lands
48
President Calvin Coolidge
- slogan "Coolidge prosperity"
| - lowered income taxes
49
Welfare capitalism
businesses offered benefits such as pension plans, profit sharing, and company parties to discourage strikes
50
automobile
```
became affordable to middle-class with assembly line and mass production
-->more roads, suburbs
```
51
suburbs
developed with cars which made travel easier
52
radio
almost every family owned one, sense of community
53
advertising industry during 1920s
effective in selling products
54
Women during the 1920s
increased women working "pink-collar" jobs because consumerism required money
55
the Flapper
image of new American woman - discarded fashion of Victorian era for more free clothing, cigarettes, drinking, and dancing
56
Entertainment
movies, sports, and literature
57
Lost generation
chronicled alienation by writers F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Eugene O'Neill
58
Harlem Renaissance
revivalism of African American culture:
- poets -- Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston
- jazz
- Louis Armstrong
59
Klu Klux Klan
increased during the 1920s - targeted Jews, urbanites, anyone who defied their codes, and immigrants
60
Sacco and Vanzetti
Italian immigrant anarchists who were arrested on the charges of murder and were executed --> intensified anti-immigrant beliefs
61
Emergency Quota Act of 1924
set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against the "new immigrants"
62
Scopes Monkey Trial
John Thomas Scopes broke the new Tennessee law forbidding teachers to teach the theory of evolution
Clarence Darrow vs William Jennings Bryan
modernists vs fundamentalists
63
Eighteenth Amendment (1917)
outlawed the American liquor industry - weak--> increased government resentment, illegal selling of liquor
64
gangster era
open warfare between competing gangs and criminals vs law enforcement sparked by prohibition
65
Herbert Hoover
elected 1928, president during the Great Depression
66
Fall of the stock market
October 1929, the stock market crashed --> prices fell, blamed on irresponsible speculation, bankruptcy and unemployment
67
Causes of the Great Depression
Europe's failing economy after WWI and maldistribution of wealth = unemployment, farm products worth less, surplus, deflation
68
Effects of the Great Depression
massive unemployment, bankruptcy, homelessness
69
Hoovervilles
shantytowns built by the homeless
70
Dust Bowl
prolonged drought in the Great Plains
71
Farmers' Holiday Association
organized demonstrations and threatened a nationwide walkout by farmers in order to raise prices
72
Hoover's response to the Depression
initially opposed federal relief effort --> farm assistance programs, federal works project, Hawley-Smoot Tariff, and FERA
73
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
highest protective tariff in US history enacted during the Depression - worsened the economy
74
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
established by Hoover during the Depression - provided government money to bail out large companies and banks who could eventually repay
75
Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF)
WWI veterans who protested at Washington for their benefits - forcefully expelled by MacArthur who burned their makeshift homes
76
Franklin D. Roosevelt
won the election of 1932, declared war on the Depression and implemented the New Deal reforms
77
Emergency Banking Relief Bill (1)
put poorly managed banks under the control of the Treasury Dept and granted licenses to the solvent one
78
fireside chats
Roosevelt's radio broadcast program where he reassured the public and banks were secure
79
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (1)
created in the Banking Act of 1933 who guaranteed bank deposits
80
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (1)
provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production
81
Farm Credit Act
provided loans to farmers in danger of foreclosure
82
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) (1)
consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities to eliminate overproduction
83
Public Works Administration (PWA) (1)
created jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units
84
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1)
grants to states to manage their own PWA-like projects
85
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1)
provided energy to the Tennessee Valley region
86
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) (1)
mediated labor disputes
87
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (1)
regulated the stock market
88
Keynesian Economics
the cycle of depressions can be solved by a government program of deficit spending
89
Conservatives
opposed the New Deal - high tax rates, increase in government power over business, and relief programs removed incentive for poor to lift themselves up
90
Leftists
ex. Huey Long
complained that the AAA policy of paying farmers not to grow was immoral, and that government policy toward businesses was too favorable
91
Communist Party of America
gained popularity during the Depression by calling for nationalization of business
92
Schechter Poultry Corp v. United States
invalidated sections of the NIRA on grounds that the codes created were unconstitutional
93
United States v. Butler
Supreme Court struck down the AAA
94
Court-packing scheme
Roosevelt's response to the Supreme Court declaring the AAA unconstitutional - hand-picked six new judges
--> public criticism
95
Works Progress Administration (WPA) (2)
generated public work projects for more jobs, and employed writers, photographers, and other artists
96
Second Hundred Days
Congress passed legislation that broadened powers of NLRB, democratized unions, punished businesses with anti-union policies, and created Social Security
97
Social Security Administration (2)
provided retirement benefits for workers and the disabled
98
New Deal coalition
union members, urbanites, the underclass, and blacks who helped Roosevelt win reelection
99
1937 economic recession
caused by Roosevelt cutting back government programs to balance the budget, and the Federal Reserve Board tightening credit supply to slow inflation
--> took money out of circulation
100
Fair Labor Standards Act
set a minimum wage and established 40-hour workweek
101
"independent internationalism"
US foreign policy leading to WWI - aimed at promoting and maintaining peace
102
The Washington Conference (1921-1922)
gathered the eight great powers and made treaty which set limits on stockpiling armaments and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy in China
103
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
condemned war as a means of foreign policy
104
Good Neighbor Policy (1934)
- The US tried to cut back interventionist policy in Latin America
- misleading - US continued to intervene
- repealed Platt Amendment
105
US response to Japan-China war
Sold arm to China and called for embargo on arms sales to Japan
scared of provoking war with Japan - US did not order embargo on commercial shipments to Japan
106
Protectionism
the policy of keeping high tariffs
107
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
allowed the president to reduce tariffs if he felt doing so would achieve foreign policy goals
108
Nye Commission
Senator Gerald Nye commissioned a report that revealed unwholsome activities by US arms manufacturers which led to US involvement in WWI
--> disenchantment
109
Nuetrality Acts
1. prohibited sale of arms to either belligerents in a war
2. banned loans to belligerents
3. "cash and carry"
110
"cash and carry"
required Allies to pay cash for their weapons and come to US to pick up purchases and carry them away on their own ships
111
Lend-Lease Act
permitted US to "lend" armaments to England who no longer had money
112
Atlantic Charter Conference
Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met and declared war aims - disarmament, self-determination, freedom of seas, and guarantees of security
113
Triparte Pact
alliance between Japan, Italy and Germany
114
Pearl Harbor (December 7)
in response to US cutting off trade from Japan, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor
--> US declared war
115
D-Day
- Normandy invasion planned by the "big three" (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin)
- agreed to divide defeated Germany into occupation zones
- Stalin agreed to join war against Japan
116
The Manhattan Project of 1942
research and development of the atomic bomb based in Los Alamos, New Mexico
--> infiltrated by Soviet Spies (Ethel and Julius Rosenberg)
117
Increased government power during WWI
- War Production Board allowed govt to oversee movilization of industries
- rationed
- sponsored scientific research -- radar, sonar, and atomic bomb
- Labor Disputes Act
- Hollywood and propaganda films
118
Labor Disputes Act of 1943
allowed government takeover of business if deemed necessary to national security = authority to settle labor disputes
119
Selective Training Service Act of 1940
created the first peacetime draft in US history
120
African Americans in WWII
served in the war, but in segregated units
121
Women in WWII
popular image of Rosie the Riveter = working women
| --> temporary
122
Internment of Japanese Americans
fearful that the Japanese might serve as enemy agents within the US, the government imprisoned Asian Americans - desolate camps, lost their homes and possessions
123
Schnek case of 1919
Court ruled that a citizen's civil liberties can be curtailed and violated during a time of war
124
Yalta peace conference
after WWII:
- Stalin wanted "buffer zone" --> granted --> Iron Curtain
- Agreed USSR wages war on Japan
- Create the UN
125
Potsdam
conference to decide how to implement Yalta agreements
| --> no agreement, determined nuclear end to Japan war
126
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
US nuclear bombs dropped on Japanese cities that forced them to surrender
