UNIT 7: THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE DAWN OF CHRISTENDOM Flashcards

Question

Carolingian Renewal | 2. Liturgical Reform

Answer 1

- Charlemagne imposed the use of Roman ritual books throughout the kingdom, which meant - The use of Latin in the Mass instead of a local language - Unleavened bread replaced ordinary bread at Eucharist Priests were to celebrate Mass with backs to the people - Sought to halt the successful changes in the sacrament of Penance that had been introduced by the Irish monks since the time of St. Columban – not entirely successful with this one!

Answer 2

Reached a peak at the beginning of the 9th c... - Called for schools for clergy to reinstate classical Latin, study of Sacred Scripture, Church Fathers and the liturgy - Produced many beautiful manuscripts in this period - A flourish of art in ivory, metal sculpture, and architecture

Answer 3

New states and feudalism as we know it

Answer 4

Charlemagne’s Reign Represented an Important Stage in Western European History… 1. He emerged as the ideal prince of the Middle Ages 2. His renewal of (1) orderly government, (2) religious reform, (3) cultural regeneration, and (4) expansion of Christianity inspired other later Medieval Kings 3. He laid the foundation for the orderly civilized Christian society that would become Europe (the idea that Europe would become)

Answer 5

-- The Slavs: Cyril and Methodius (Note: the Cyrillic Alphabet) -- The Magyars, Poles and Russians -- The Whole of Europe was Christian by the 11th Century (*Map 1168) When western Christianity asserted itself, Byzantium went into irreversible decline… Byzantium would make a recovery in many places, especially as their people moved into the diaspora (e.g., immigrants to Canada; majority of Byzantin immigrants are in Canada’s west).

Answer 6

1) Pope Formosus and the Cadaver Trial 2) Nicholas II and Papal Elections 3) Saint Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085)

Answer 7

The early part of the period known as Christendom saw relative equilibrium in Europe Church and State were at peace with equal influence but tension soon rose over the appointment of bishops Influence was even exerted on the choice of the bishop of Rome. Recall: the Roman synod of 769 directed that only clergy would be able to vote for bishop of Rome/Pope, and election was restricted to cardinal priests and deacons, but problems still arose. SO, in 1059, Pope Nicholas II (1058-1061) reacting to abuses defined rules for papal elections decreeing that the pope would be elected by cardinals only This was confirmed at the Third Lateran Council in 1179 (canon 1) . Election by cardinals was seen as a way to curb influence of kings and emperors. Recall: Pope Nicholas II made the change to have only cardinals elect a new pope in 1059, but we’ll step back 162 years for an example of what was going on that led to the change. What led to this change? Pope Formosus.

Answer 8

A gifted Roman, well educated Bishop of Porto, a papal legate in France and Germany. Jockeyed for position of metropolitan of Bulgaria, but he was rebuked since bishops could not change dioceses. He was excommunicated for trying to change dioceses and deposed on charges of deserting his see, when he fled for safety, and for aspiring to the papacy. Later re-admitted to communion and restored to his diocese. He was among those who consecrated (elected) Pope Stephen V (VI) in 885 and then was elected to succeed Stephen in 891. Formosus became pope at age 75 years. Known as “a man of exceptional intelligence, exemplary life and strict asceticism (the only fault alleged against him was ambition).” During his pontificate he strengthened the Church in England and Germany. He had good relations with Constantinople, and worked to heal schisms between bishops, but he faced difficult political problems in Italy. Formosus was followed by Boniface VI (896) who died of gout after fifteen days Then Stephen VI (VII) was elected bishop of Rome (896-897), who only was pope for fifteen months. ``` This is why… Stephen VI (VII) was a Roman, he was consecrated bishop of Anagni by Formosus. He was originally loyal to King Arnulf but switched allegiance to the Italian tyrant Lambert. ``` Lambert and his mother Ageltrude wanted revenge for the deposition of Lambert. They implicated Stephen in their plan which sparked the famous “Cadaver Trial”...

Answer 9

Formosus’s decaying body was disinterred, dressed in papal vestments, and put on trial (he had been dead for nine months by this time). The charges were: ( 1 ) Perjury ( 2 ) Violating the canon against changing dioceses (applied to his election as pope, no objection was given at the time of his election) ( 3 ) Coveting the papacy (from when he was a young priest and bishop) A deacon stood by to hear Formosus’s answers to the charges. He was convicted on all counts. All his papal acts were declared null and void, including ordinations. His thumb and first two fingers were cut off. His body was thrown in a common grave and then later thrown into the Tiber River. A pious monk recovered the body and provided the pope with a dignified burial. Nullifying Pope Formosus' ordinations would include Stephen’s own ordination, offering proof of his objectivity. But this would remove any charge that he himself had changed dioceses. Stephen soon began hunting down everyone ordained by Pope Formosus. A popular reaction arose against Stephen’s appalling behaviour. Miracles worked by the corpse of Formosus were reported. A rebellion in Rome led to Stephen being deposed and stripped of the papal insignia, he was sent to jail and later strangled there Question: Is there any question they needed to reform the papacy? This is but one example which showed the wisdom of Nicholas II to bring about some reforms.

Answer 10

( 1 ) Perjury ( 2 ) Violating the canon against changing dioceses (applied to his election as pope, no objection was given at the time of his election) ( 3 ) Coveting the papacy (from when he was a young priest and bishop)

Answer 11

1. Simony: selling holy items and positions in office 2. Clerical Marriage & Concumbanage: (Having a concubine/mistress) The prohibition against clerical marriage was not a universal law yet (during time of Nicholas II), but there were certain dioceses that made it law, and all monasteries. 3. Lay Investiture When lay people (mostly royal people and rulers) would invest a cleric in a certain office, such as a monastery or diocese. This interferes with the administration of the Church. 4. Extravagance People in clerical office lived extravagantly. Not everyone took a vow of poverty, but the people in those positions were expected to live Gospel poverty. 5. Political Interference These are problematic because they bypass the will of God. The Church is supposed to be the body of Christ and live according to God’s will. Attempts were made by various popes throughout the Middle Ages, but the most effective was Gregory VII (1073-1085) as will be seen…

Answer 12

He was influenced by Gregory VI, and became a great reformer. He sent on missions to France and Germany which helped shape reform policies of Nicholas II and Alexander II . He addressed most of the 5 main problems. Hildebrand was elected pope 22 April 1073 and chose “Gregory” after Gregory the Great. Deferred his consecration until 29 June, the feast of Peter and Paul out of respect for them (another good indication of his mind-set) He did not seek the approval of the emperor, Henry IV (another indication of his intention to be independent)/

Answer 13

Gregory sought reform of the papacy in 27 propositions called Dictatus Papae, which were likely released at a synod in 1074, and then officially promulgated in March 1075. Gregory’s dictates included statements about factual matters, customs that had been accepted but that he reinstalled and other entirely new dictates

Answer 14

Pope Gregory VII was known as a great reformer, but used the word “reform” only four times. He sought reform of the papacy in 27 propositions called Dictatus Papae (promulgated March 1075. The 27 propositions emphasized these 6 points: ( 1 ) The Pope’s personal sanctity comes from Peter, not from Emperors, Kings, or any lay person). This comes from Pope Leo I’s teachings. ( 2 ) The supremacy of the Pope over all temporal princes. Therefore, no Emperor can make or unmake a Pope. ( 3 ) The supremacy of the Pope over all spiritual princes, as well. Spiritual princes = cardinals. ( 4 ) All Christians are subject to the Pope, who has supreme legislative and judicial power. Not Muslims, Jews, or others, only Christians. ( 5 ) Prohibited all lay investiture by prohibiting bishops from accepting it. He didn’t tell rulers they could not do this, but told bishops they could not accept it (since he has control over bishops) He prohibited bishops from accepting offices, and metropolitans from ordaining them. So, no bishop could accept, no metropolitan could ordain. The pope had control over their appointments ( 6 ) Reinforced decrees against clerical marriage and against symony. In the 1000s, we see the laws against clerical marriage (law of celibacy) become enforced as a Lateran Rite. There were a number of decrees against Symony, and Pope Gregory VII reinforced them. Note: some of these already in practice though some were new, even revolutionary!

Answer 15

During the eleventh century, at the dawn of Christendom, the Church faced a problem across Europe: the Church’s “intrinsic liberty and very nature” was violated by “the dominance over the Church by the lay power.” The control of laymen over the Church contradicted the “ancient canon law and tradition of the Church.” Thomas Bokenkotter describes that ecclesiastes began to ask: “How can laymen hold supreme authority over the body that Christ committed to his apostles and their successors, the bishops?”

Answer 16

Gregory's declaration of of papal power and claim to supremacy led to the zenith of the papal monarchy, and while these claims were highly influential, they became highly problematic later on.

Answer 17

When Pope Gregory VII initiated a reform movement of the Church through his Dictatus Papae, he did not seek Emperor Henry IV’s approval, indicating that he was centralizing episcopal power and control over episcopal matters within the Church - and the papacy, in particular - rather than within the State. Henry resisted Gregory’s papal decrees about secular investiture of Church officials, which rejected royal control over episcopal nominations. Henry was not willing “to give up his control over his bishops.” The rivalry for authority between Henry and Gregory led to quarrels between the two.

Answer 18

1. “The Deposition of Gregory of Henry IV” (1076) 1076, Henry wrote to Gregory, “deposing” him. However, Henry did not have the power to depose Gregory, and so Gregory responded by deposing and excommunicating Henry. 2. “Gregory VII’s First Deposition and Excommunication of Henry VI” (1076) Gregory deposes and excommunicates Henry in a prayer addressed to St. Peter, which refers to Henry in third person. Gregory defends that his reform is not a product of his own personal ambition or gain, but it is a project aimed at re-establishing Holy order in the Church, as the Church order had been spoiled by State interference and too much secular control over episopal affairs. Many were happy with Gregory’s deposition and excommunication of Henry. 3. “Gregory VII Reports Henry VI’s Penance at Canossa” (1077). Henry appeared before Gregory at Canossa in 1077, in penitential attire, to repent, and Gregory absolved Henry three days after his penance. However, Henry defied his oath and continued to resist Gregory’s dictates about investiture, and was later excommunicated by Gregory a second time. Henry was furious with his second excommunication; he pronounced his deposition, Gregory, elected an antipope in Gregory’s place, marched on Rome and besieged Gregory, and waged a war against his nobles. With some help, Gregory drove Henry, but this resulted in the destruction of Rome, which the populace blamed on Gregory. Gregory died shortly after, in 1085.

Answer 19

1. Clerical Reform 2. Virtual End of Lay Investiture and Simony 3. Celibacy the norm in West (the monastic ideal) BUT Problems Would Still Arise… The question of poverty was not addressed: bishops would have rich courts and armies. Rulers had to ensure the loyalty to the pope . Lay investiture would soon again rear its ugly head.

UNIT 7: THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE DAWN OF CHRISTENDOM Flashcards

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