Unit 7 Vitamins and minerals

Question 1

that exist in small amounts in foodstuff – essential for optimal functioning of many physiological processes

Answer 1

micronutrients

Question 2

action of several hundred enzymes –
catalyst to normal body functions

Answer 2

B-complex vitamins

Question 3

antioxidants

Answer 3

A, C, E

Question 4

functions as hormone – regulates metabolism of important micronutrients (Ca)

Answer 4

Vitamin D

Question 5

building blocks for body tissues

Answer 5

Minerals

Question 6

Some minerals are components of enzymes (_________________) –
regulate body metabolism

Answer 6

metalloenzymes

Question 7

Others minerals exist _______________ – carry electrical charges and are important components or activators of
various enzymes and hormones

Answer 7

as ions or electrolytes

Question 8

Most exploited nutrients when it comes to nutritional quackery in sports.

Answer 8

Minerals

Question 9

it is generally assumed that if athletes meet their requirements for increased energy, ____________________
requirements would also be satisfied

Answer 9

vitamin and mineral

Question 10

many nutritionists and investigators would recommend a__________________- for athletes/active individuals who are not receiving RNI for all micronutrients in the diet.

those who are attempting to lose weight for performance (wrestlers, gymnasts, ballet dancers) and those subsisting

Answer 10

vitamin/mineral supplement

Question 11

efficacy was seen only on
athletes or physically active individuals – marginally malnourished and not receiving sufficient amounts of the
RNI

Answer 11

Supplementation studies

Question 12

If athletic performance ___________________– nutritional
deficiency, supplements will help return performance to normal standards but not enhance physical capabilities

Answer 12

Has been impaired

Question 13

Importance of meeting the RENI (PDRI) not only for calories but also for _______________

Answer 13

protein and micronutrients

Question 14

promotion of bone development

Answer 14

Vitamin A

Question 15

Hormone to increase intestinal absorption of Ca; promotion
of bone formation

Answer 15

Vitamin D

Question 16

antioxidant to protect cell membranes from destruction by oxidation

Answer 16

Vitamin E

Question 17

for blood coagulation

Answer 17

Vitamin K

Question 18

coenzyme for CHO metabolism, normal nervous system
function

Answer 18

Thiamin (B1)

Question 19

Coenzyme for energy production from CHO and fat

Answer 19

Riboflavin (B2)

Question 20

Coenzyme for aerobic and anaerobic energy production
from CHO; assistance in fat synthesis

Answer 20

Niacin (B3)

Question 21

part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism

Answer 21

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

Question 22

necessary for haemoglobin and RBC formation; coenzyme in protein metabolism; needed for gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Answer 22

Pyridoxine (B6)

Question 23

coenzyme in CHO, fat and protein metabolism

Answer 23

Biotin (B7)

Question 24

normal RBC development

Answer 24

Folic acid (B9)

Question 25

normal RBC development; maintenance of nerve tissue

Answer 25

Cobalamin (B12)

Question 26

maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance; assistance in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

Answer 26

Na and K

Question 27

maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer 27

Chlorine

Question 28

building of bone structure; muscle contractions; nerve impulse transmission; enzyme activation

Answer 28

Calcium

Question 29

bone formation; acid-base balance; B vitamin activation; organic compound component (e.g. ATP-PCr)

Answer 29

Phosphorus

Question 30

protein synthesis; glucose metabolism; metalloenzyme; smooth muscle contraction; bone component

Answer 30

Magnesium

Question 31

Haemoglobin and myoglobin formation, transport of O2 in blood and muscle tissue; energy transformation reactions

Answer 31

Iron

Question 32

assistance in insulin’s action

Answer 32

Chromium

Question 33

proper use of Fe and haemoglobin in the body; metalloenzyme involved in connective tissue formation and oxidations

Answer 33

Copper

Question 34

Cofactor of enzymes involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis

Answer 34

Zinc

Question 35

Antioxidant

Answer 35

Selenium

Question 36

-most extensively studied mineral in relation to performance – role in transporting O2 from lungs to tissues

Answer 36

Iron

Question 37

lack of ________ limits O2 supply to muscles: insufficient amount O2 available for energy production = decreasing aerobic capacity

Answer 37

Iron

Question 38

__________ limit aerobic endurance and capacity for work; anaemic athletes tire easily despite level of fitness

Answer 38

Fe depletion and IDA

Question 39

______ is not frequently seen among athletes

Answer 39

IDA

Question 40

assessed by serum ferritin levels

Answer 40

Suboptimal iron stores

Question 41

1. Rapidly growing male adolescents because of increased Fe requirements 2. Female athletes with heavy menstrual losses 3. Distance runners who may have increased intestinal losses 4. Endurance athletes who are training heavily in hot climates with heavy sweating. Sweat contains 0.13-0.42 mg Fe/L 5. Athletes with energy-restricted diets since chances are Fe intakes are also low

Answer 41

At risk for iron deficiency

Question 42

Sweat contains

Answer 42

0.13-0.42 mg Fe/L

Question 43

cause transient significant decrease in RBC count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume

Answer 43

heavy training

Question 44

RBC morphology remains normal and performance does not deteriorate -due to haemodilution effect of expanded blood volume and increased rate or RBC destruction owing to intravascular haemolysis

Answer 44

sports/runners anaemia

Question 45

mineral of concern especially among female athletes, long distance runners, dancers, and gymnasts

Answer 45

Calcium

Question 46

-they become amenorrhoeic due to disturbances in their hormonal status – decrease in bone mineral content by ________

Answer 46

25-40%

Question 47

-estrogen deficiency – athletic amenorrhea -disordered eating and low body fat -loss of bone mass

Answer 47

Female athlete triad (disturbing pattern)

Question 48

-its use as micronutrient supplements among athletes – based on role in energy metabolism

Answer 48

B vitamins

Question 49

those who develop deficiencies – athletes on strict vegan diets with vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer 49

Supplementation

Question 50

-role in the prevention and recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage – may enable athletes to train effectively

Answer 50

Vitamins C, E and Beta-Carotene

Question 51

has favourable effects in terms of reduced markers of muscle tissue damage (i.e. lipid peroxidation)

Answer 51

Anti-oxidant supplementation