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AP Biology > Unit 7 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 7 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Comparative morphology

A

analysis of the patterns of the locus of structures within the body plan of an organism

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2
Q

Fossil

A

he preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried in sediments, such as sand and mud, under ancient seas, lakes and rivers.

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3
Q

Biogeography

A

he study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life

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4
Q

Evolution

A

a process that results in changes in the genetic material of a population over time

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5
Q

Lineage

A

sequences of biological entities connected by ancestry-descent relationships

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6
Q

Catastrophism

A

the idea that sudden, short-lived, and violent events lead to the extinction of many organisms.

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7
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

the idea that Earth has always changed in uniform ways and that the present is the key to the past

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8
Q

Adaption

A

the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments

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9
Q

Artificial Selection

A

the process by which humans choose individual organisms with certain phenotypic trait values for breeding.

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10
Q

Fitness

A

an organism’s ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring

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11
Q

Natural selection

A

an organism adapts to its environment through selectively reproducing changes in its genotype.

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12
Q

Radiometric dating

A

calculates an age in years for geologic materials by measuring the presence of a short-life radioactive element

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13
Q

Population

A

a group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time

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14
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

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15
Q

Allele Frequency

A

how common an allele is in a population

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16
Q

Gene pool

A

he combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species.

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17
Q

Microevolution

A

evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.

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18
Q

Macroevolution

A

ncompasses the grandest trends and transformations in evolution

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19
Q

Neutral mutation

A

changes in DNA sequence that are neither beneficial nor detrimental to the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce

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20
Q

Genetic equilibrium

A

the condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool (such as a population) where the frequency does not change from generation to generation

21
Q

Directional selection

A

the change in a phenotype or genotype of a population in one direction away from the mean (average) in a particular environment over time.

22
Q

Disruptive selection

A

changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values

23
Q

stabilizing selection

A

a form of natural selection wherein individuals with moderate or average phenotypes are more fit (more likely to survive and reproduce).

24
Q

Sexual selection

A

any selection that arises from fitness differences associated with nonrandom success in the competition for access to gametes for fertilization

25
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species.

26
Q

Bottleneck Theory

A

occurs when a population is greatly reduced in size, limiting the genetic diversity of the species.

27
Q

Founder effect

A

the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population.

28
Q

Gene flow

A

any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another.

29
Q

Genetic drift

A

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

30
Q

Inbreeding

A

the mating of close relatives in species that are normally outbreeding

31
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

A reduction in migration between populations due to geographic barriers

32
Q

Speciation

A

how a new kind of plant or animal species is created

33
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

occurs when a species separates into two separate groups that are isolated from one another

34
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

the splitting of an ancestral species into two or more reproductively isolated groups without geographical isolation of those groups.

35
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

evolution of an animal or plant group into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life.

36
Q

Coevolution

A

one of the primary methods by which biological communities are organized

37
Q

Extinct

A

the complete disappearance of a species from Earth.

38
Q

Convergent evolution

A

occurs when organisms that aren’t closely related evolve similar features or behaviours, often as solutions to the same problems.

39
Q

Clade

A

a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

40
Q

Cladistics

A

a method of classification of animals and plants according to the proportion of measurable characteristics that they have in common. It is assumed that the higher the proportion of characteristics that two organisms share, the more recently they diverged from a common ancestor.

41
Q

Cladogram

A

a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.

42
Q

Derived trait

A

those that just appeared (by mutation) in the most recent ancestor

43
Q

Evolutionary Tree

A

a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.

44
Q

Monophyletic group

A

includes an ancestral taxon and all of its descendants

45
Q

Phylogeny

A

the study of relationships among different groups of organisms and their evolutionary development.

46
Q

Analogous structures

A

features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (compare to homologous structures) and which evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.

47
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

48
Q

Stasis

A

a block of little or no evolutionary change in a species

AP Biology (6 decks)

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