Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Environmental Science > UNIT 8 > Flashcards

UNIT 8 Flashcards

(108 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Hazardous Waste

A

Any material that can be harmful to human health or the environment if it is not properly disposed of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hazardous Waste contains…

A

Carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

95%…

A

of the country’s hazardous waste is not regulated by law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Resources Conservation and Recovery Act 1976 (RCRA)

A

Prohibited open burning in dumps, EPA must identify hazardous wastes and set standards for their management by states, firms that produce more than 220 lbs/mo. Must have permit stating how wastes will be managed, cradle to grave tracking from production to disposal of hazardous waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Superfund 1980

A

Law passes to clean up abandoned toxic waste dumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CERCLA

A

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Brownfields

A

Industrial and commercial sites that have been abandoned and in most cases abandoned (Empty factories, junkyards, old landfills)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ways to apprach hazardous waste

A

Produce less of it, reuse or reycle it, convert it to less-hazardous materials, safely store what is left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Forms of hazardous waste stored

A

Burial on land or long-term storage, deep-well disposal, surface impoundments, secure hazardous waste landfills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deep well injection

A

drilling a hole in the ground that’s below the water table to hold waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Deep well injection advantages

A

safe is sites are chosen carefully, wastes can often be retrieved, low cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Deep well injection disadvantages

A

leaks from corrosion of well casing, emits CO2 and other air pollutants, output approach that encourages waste production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Surface impoundment

A

a pond that has a sealed bottom which stores waste, creation of shallow pools that evaporate hazardous liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Surface impoundment advantages

A

low cost, wastes can often be retrieved, can store wastes indefinitely with secure double liners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Surface impoundment disadvantages

A

water pollution from leaking liners and overflows, air pollution from VOCs, output approach that encourages waste production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bioremiditaion

A

the use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced microorganisms or other forms of life to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phytoremediation

A

A method employed to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cyclodextrins

A

a type of sugar made from corn starch to remove toxic materials such as solvents, pesticides, and hydrocarbons from contaminated soil and groundwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Solutions to hazardous waste

A

not produce waste in the first place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Basel Convention

A

an international treaty on the control of transboundary hazardous wastes and their disposa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hazard

A

something can cause injury, disease, economic loss or environmental damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Risk =

A

harm x exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Risk Management

A

using strategies to reduce the amount of risk (the degree of likelihood that a person will become ill upon exposure to a toxin or pathogen).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Types of Hazards

A

cultural, chemical, physical, biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cultural Hazard
drugs, drinking, unsafe sex, smoking, working conditions, and poverty
26
Chemical Hazard
harmful chemicals in our environment
27
Physical/Natural Disaster Hazard
radiation, fire, earthquakes
28
Biological Hazard
pathogens, pollen, animals, etc
29
Toxicology
study of poisonous substances and their effects upon body parts
30
Toxicity
a measure of how harmful a substance is
31
Dose
amount exposed to
32
Response
the resulting type and amount of damage to health
33
Acute effect
immediate reaction (dizziness, rash, etc)
34
Chronic effect
permanent damage (liver or kidney damage)
35
Bioaccumulation
increase in the concentration of a chemical in specific organs or tissues at a higher level than is normally expected
36
Biomagnification
accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain; toxins are magnified as they pass through the food chain (DDT, PCB's); are stored in body fat and affect during gestation or egg laying and during nursing stages
37
Chemical Interaction
involves the production of chemical growth inhibitors or toxins released by an individual
38
Antagonistic interaction
reduce the harmful reponse
39
Antagonistic interaction
reduce the harmful reponse
40
Synergistic interaction
multiplies harmful effects
41
Poison
a substance that causes illness, injury or death if taken into the body or produced within the body; a chemical with an LD50 of 50 mg or less/kg of body weight
42
Super toxic poisons
nerve gases, dioxin, mushrooms, botulism
43
Extremely toxic poisons
potassium cyanide, heroin, nicotine, atropine
44
Very toxic poisons
mercury salts, morphine, codeine
45
Toxic poisons
lead salts, DDT, sodium hydroxide, fluoride, caffeine, sulfuric acid
46
Moderately toxic poisons
methyl alcohol, ether, kerosine, aspirin
47
Slightly toxic poisons
ethyl alcohol, lysol, soaps
48
Essentially non toxic poisons
water, glycerin, table salt
49
dose-response curve
Plot of data showing effects of various doses of a toxic agent on a group of test organisms.
50
Acute toxicity test
show effects on test organism
51
Control group
not exposed
52
Test group
exposed
53
Hazardous chemicals cause harm by
being flammable or explosive, irritate skin or lungs, interfere with oxygen intake, induce allergic reactions
54
Mutagens
Cause mutations or changes in DNA molecules - chemical and radiation
55
Teratogens
Can cause birth defects while embryo is developing during pregnancy - especially the first three months
56
examples of teratogens
PCBs, Thalidomide, Steroids, Hormones, Heavy metals (Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, etc)
57
Carcinogens
Cancer causing agents
58
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
59
Immune System
Cells and tissues that protect the body against disease and harmful substances
60
Antibodies
attack alien invaders and mark them for attack from other immune cells
61
Cellular defense
kill invaders
62
Nervous System
brain, spinal cord, nerves
63
Endocrine System
Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones; control sexual reproduction, growth, development, and behavior in humans
64
Hormones are...
produced by organs and tissues
65
Hormone blockers
prevent natural hormones such as androgens from attaching to their receptors
66
thyroid disrupters
affect growth, weight, brain development, etc.
67
Thyroid disrupter examples
dioxins, PCB's, chemicals in plastics, pesticides, lead
68
Non-transmissible Disease
These types of disease cannot be passed from organism to organism (not caused by living organisms)
69
Non-transmissible Disease examples
Cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, bronchitis, emphysema, and malnutrition
70
Transmissible Disease
caused by living organisms - can be spread from person to person
71
Pathogens
organisms that cause disease
72
Vectors
insects and non human carriers
73
Increase spread of disease
migration, reducing biodiversity, climate change, natural disaster, etc.
74
Toxic waste
can injure or kill and must be disposed of without harming or polluting
75
Solid waste
cannot go down sewage system; must be disposed of
76
The US produces...
33% of the world's waste
77
98.5% of solid waste in the US comes from...
mining, oil and natural gas production, agriculture, and industrial services
78
industrial waste
Waste from production of consumer goods, mining, agriculture and petroleum extraction and refining
79
Municipal Solid Waste
Waste produced by households and businesses (1.5% comes from homes and businesses)
80
Reuse
to use something again
81
Recycle
The process of making new products from materials that were used in another product.
82
Primary recycling
materials are recycled into new products of the same type
83
Secondary recycling
waste materials are converted into different products
84
open loop
waste materials are converted into different products
85
pay as you throw
A policy in some communities where residents are charged by the bag or by the pound to dispose of leaves and grass clippings in order to encourage recycling and composting
86
Petrochemicals
leading producers of hazardous waste
87
Incineration
the burning of solid waste
88
Incineration advantages
reduces waste volume by 90%, waste heat can be used.
89
Incineration disadvantages
high cost, air pollution, highly toxic ash, encourages waste production
90
Leachate
polluted liquid produced by water passing through buried wastes in a landfill
91
sanitary landfill
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.
92
Carcinogen
A cancer-causing substance
93
Biomagnifies
accumulates and causes muscle weakness, vision loss, memory loss
94
Disruptors in Endocrine system have
similar shapes and bind to hormone receptors (mimics and block the hormone)
95
Chloroform
Source: chlorine-treated water in hot showers Threat: cancer
96
Para-dichlorobenzene
Source: air fresheners, mothball crystals Threat: cancer
97
Tetrachloroethylene
Source: dry-cleaning fluid, fumes on clothes Threat: nerve disorders, damage to liver and kidneys, possible cancer
98
Formaldehyde
Source: furniture stuffing, paneling, particleboard, foam insulation Threat: irritation of eyes, throat, skin, and lungs; nausea; dizziness
99
Styrene
Source: carpets, plastic products Threat: kidney and liver damage
100
Benzo-a-pyrene
Source: tobacco smoke, woodstoves Threat: lung cancer
101
Radon-222
Source: radioactive soil and rock surrounding foundation, water supply Threat: lung cancer
102
Tobacco Smoke
Source: cigarettes Threat: lung cancer, respiratory ailments, heart diseases
103
methylene chloride
Source: paint strippers and thinners Threat: nerve disorders, diabetes
104
carbon monoxide
Source: faulty furnaces, unvented gas stoves, kerosene heaters, and wood stoves Threats: headaches, drowsiness, irregular heartbeat, death
105
Asbestos
Source: pipe insultation, vinyl ceiling and floor tiles Threat: lung disease and cancer
106
Particulates
Source: pollen, pet dander, dust mites, cooking smoke particles Threat: irritated lungs, asthma attacks, itchy eyes, running nose, lung disease
107
nitrogen oxides
Source: unvented gas stoves and kerosene heaters, wood stoves Threat: irritated lungs, cold, headache
108
Trichloroethane
Source: aerosol sprays Threat: dizziness, irregular breathing

AP Environmental Science (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions