Unit #8

Question 1

What is Parturition

Answer 1

The process of giving birth.

Question 2

The baby is naturally in charge of this process, initiating labor when it’s ready to be born

Answer 2

Parturition

Question 3

What are some Pre-Partum Signals

Answer 3

Changes in female behavior
Concern or anxiety
anorexia –> fetal mass size
isolation

Question 4

What is Circadian Behavior

Answer 4

Many species experience a higher frequency of births during nighttime.

Question 5

It is hypothesized that the weight of the placenta influences?

Answer 5

The duration of parturition

Multiple babies might lead to a faster birthing process.

Question 6

Giving birth to offspring is a complex cascade of what kind of events?

Answer 6

Physiological events

Question 7

What is a pre-partum signal that varies according to species?

Answer 7

Appearance of maternal behavior

Question 8

What type of behavior do sows and bitches exhibit during the pre-partum phase?

Answer 8

Nest building

Question 9

During what time of day do sheep most frequently give birth?

Answer 9

Diurnal phase

Question 10

What animal has a more uniform distribution of births within the circadian period?

Answer 10

Cattle

Question 11

What is the first stage of parturition?

Answer 11

Fetal stress → Cervical Dilatation

Question 12

what is PGF2ɑ

Answer 12

Prostaglandin?

Question 13

What does PGF2a do during labor?

Answer 13

It increased uterine contractions.

Question 14

Relaxation of the cervix

Answer 14

Increased estradiol

Question 15

During what time of day do sheep most frequently give birth?

Answer 15

Diurnal phase

Question 16

What is Diurnal phase?

Answer 16

every 24 hours

Question 17

What animal has a more uniform distribution of births within the circadian period?

Answer 17

Cattle

Question 18

What is the first stage of parturition?

Answer 18

Fetal stress → Cervical Dilatation

Question 19

What hormone leads to a decrease in increased fetal cortisol?

Answer 19

Progesterone (P4)

Question 20

What is the duration of the cervical dilation stage in parturition?

Answer 20

4 to 8 hours

Question 21

What hormone is increased during the fetal expulsion stage?

Answer 21

Oxytocin

Question 22

What is the Fetal expulsion stage?

Answer 22

The second stage of labor is the phase during childbirth when the mother actively pushes to help the baby move down the birth canal and out into the world.

Question 23

What is the duration of the fetal expulsion phase?

Answer 23

30 minutes to 4 hours

Question 24

What hormone, essential for softening the cervix, is increased during the second stage of parturition?

Answer 24

Relaxin

Question 25

How does the oxytocin affect the second stage of labor?

Answer 25

by increasing the strength and frequency of the contractions

Question 26

What is the role of oxytocin

Answer 26

The hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release oxytocin, intensifying the contractions. These contractions are rhythmic and powerful, aiding in the fetus's expulsion.

Question 27

What does estradiol increase in the cervix and vagina during the second stage of parturition?

Answer 27

Mucus

Question 28

Fetal Distress

Answer 28

As the fetus grows, the space within the uterus becomes tighter. This can lead to fetal distress, which is often indicated by an increase in the release of cortisol from the baby’s adrenal glands.

Question 29

What is the hormonal shift in the first stage

Answer 29

The increase in cortisol and other factors contribute to a decrease in the mother’s progesterone levels and an increase in estrogen levels. This hormonal shift is crucial for the initiation of labor.

Question 30

What happens to the hormones at the onset of labor?

Answer 30

The decrease in progesterone, the rise in estrogen, and the release of prostaglandins help soften the cervix and start the labor process.

Question 31

What is the duration of the placental expulsion phase?

Answer 31

1 to 8 hours

Question 32

What does the cervix produce to seal itself after placental expulsion?

Answer 32

thick mucus

Question 33

The fetal pituitary gland releases ACTH, which stimulates the release of what hormone?

Answer 33

cortisol

Question 34

An increase in estrogen activates the production of what two things?

Answer 34

Myometrium, prostaglandin, and oxytocin

Question 35

What is Myometrium?

Answer 35

the middle layer of the uterus wall

Question 36

stretches during pregnancy and contracts during labor?

Answer 36

Myometrium

Question 37

After the baby is delivered, the (blank) contracts to expel the placenta and compress blood vessels to minimize blood loss.

Answer 37

Myometrium

Question 38

What is the term for abnormal or difficult birth at any stage of labor?

Answer 38

Dystocia

Question 39

What is the most common cause of dystocia?

Answer 39

Maternal/fetal disproportion

Question 40

What is dystocia?

Answer 40

Abnormal or difficult birth at any stage of labor

Question 41

How is cortisol released?

Answer 41

The baby Pituitary releases ACTH --> Simulate the cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Question 42

What is the fetus's Position when ready for labor?

Answer 42

The fetus is generally on its back. Just before labor, it rotates to an upright position with its forelegs and head pointed toward the birth canal.

Question 43

It has a direct negative impact on newborns

Answer 43

Dystocia

Question 44

What causes Dystocia?

Answer 44

Maternal/Fetal Disproportion Fetal size Sire --> Genetic component Dam --> Genetic component Nutrition -- > Over

Question 45

How does nutrition affect Dystocia?

Answer 45

Overnutrition: If the mother is overfed, it can lead to an oversized fetus, which increases the risk of dystocia due to feto-maternal disproportion. This is because the baby's larger size can make it more difficult to pass through the birth canal. Undernutrition: Conversely, poor nutritional status can result in a fetus with low viability, which can also complicate the labor process. Inadequate nutrition may affect the fetus's development and the mother’s ability to sustain a healthy pregnancy and labor.

Question 46

What the most common causes of dystocia?

Answer 46

Abnormal Position of the fetus during delivery

Question 47

What causes Dystocia in multiple fetuses?

Answer 47

Both twins come out at the same time one blocks the other the uterus becomes fatigued

Question 48

endometritis

Answer 48

is applied to inflammation of the uterine mucosa.

Question 49

Estrogens + Oxytocin →

Answer 49

activate the defense mechanisms of the uterus.

Question 50

Toward (gestation) labor/parturition,

Answer 50

The immune capacity is reduced

Question 51

How does Prostaglandin assist the uterine defense?

Answer 51

expelling any foreign matter or debris

Question 52

What is the third stage of parturition?

Answer 52

Placental Expulsion

Question 53

What releases the progesterone?

Answer 53

Placental or Corpus Luteum

Question 54

What does relaxin do?

Answer 54

Softens the cervix

Question 55

Is the baby in a position different from the normal position?

Answer 55

Labor Dystocia

Question 56

Is Labor Dystocia genetics?

Answer 56

Yes, because it could depend on the size of the fetus and the mom

Question 57

What are immunoglobulins A (IgA) and G(IgG)?

Answer 57

Proteins that fight off invaders like bacteria to keep the castle safe

Question 58

What is the endometrial plasma cells?

Answer 58

Trains the IgA and IgG

Question 59

IgG's bactericidal Action

Answer 59

The IgG guards can defeat bacteria (the invaders)

Question 60

IgA prevents bacteria attachment

Answer 60

Stop the bacteria from sticking to the body

Question 61

What is Uterine Prolapse

Answer 61

When the uterus moves downward into the vaginal canal Not in the normal position

Question 62

What causes Uterine Prolapse?

Answer 62

Genetic, Age, Nutrition, Size of the offspring, Multiple fetuses, or body condition

Question 63

What hormone is increased during the fetal expulsion stage?

Answer 63

Estordail (Estrogen)

Question 64

What hormone removes the "progesterone block"?

Answer 64

Cortisol

Question 65

An increase in estrogen activates the production of what two things?

Answer 65

prostaglandin, and oxytocin

Question 66

The blastocyst covered by the trophoblast and the endometrium connect, and the chronic villi will

Answer 66

Give the nutrients from mom to baby

Question 67

What is the purpose of the Placenta

Answer 67

1. Fetal growth 2. Stimulates the mammal gland in the third trimester 3. regulates nutrients between mom and baby

Question 68

Placental Lactogen

Answer 68

1. Stimulates the Mammal Gland 2. In the third trimester, it is what helps the milk come in

Question 69

What three hormones does the placental release

Answer 69

1. progesterone 2. Galaprotiens 3.Placental Lactogen

Question 70

What is Gestation?

Answer 70

When the mother is pregnant

Question 71

What Factors Affect Gestational Length?

Answer 71

Genetic factors, Age, Litter size, Environmental, Degree of Domestication